No Open Report On The Declaration Of Independence

No open report gives more unmistakable quality to the possibility of common law, nor depends all the more urgently upon regular law as a reason, than the Declaration of Independence. To comprehend why this is so and what it implies for American constitutionalism requires perusing the content of the Declaration in its political, recorded, and philosophical connection. As a political articulation, the Declaration was the zenith of an arrangement issued by the few Continental Congresses, the deliberate relationship of delegates of thirteen British settlements in North America that represented the pilgrims in general. These records indexed grievances against British pioneer arrangement, engaging generally to freedoms and benefits guaranteed under the English constitution and the regular law. Affirmations and petitions of this sort were themselves part of the English protected custom, from Magna Carta in 1215 through the 1689 Bill of Rights. The center area of the Declaration of Independence tails this example, specifying objections against the lord and Parliament asserting sacred infringement, illegal statutes, and demonstrations of persecution and war. The hypothesis of basic law is that there are standards of equity that emerge actually from the organic and social nature of mankind. I have in some cases examined that as far as there being an (unwri tten) constitution of nature, and a subordinate (unwritten) constitution of society, to which there is a subordinate constitutionShow MoreRelatedSeneca Falls The First Women s Rights Convention937 Words   |  4 Pagesand rights of women will be held†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (American Memory). The Seneca Falls community was open to the idea of changing public roles of women in society. So it was no surprise when about 300 people responded to the message in the courier. The convention took place for two days, Wednesday July 19, 1848 and Thursday July 20, 1989. During the two day period the participants listened to multiple speeches, wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, created 11 resolutions that proclaimed equality of all people and declaredRead MoreTheu.s. Declaration Of Independence1635 Words   |  7 PagesOn April 13, 1743, in Shadwell, Virginia, Thomas Jefferson was born. He was the author of the U.S. Declaration of Independence; the country s first secretary of state (1789-94); second VP (1797-1801); and, as the third president (1801-09), the statesman in charge of the Louisiana Purchase. As open authority, history specialist, savant, and ranch proprietor, he served his nation for more than five decades. Jefferson was introduced to a standout amongst the most conspicuous groups of Virginia sRead MoreThe Statements By Sharon And Port Huron930 Words   |  4 PagesStates citizens. The two statements rely on the Declaration of Independence as the primary source of their arguments. The young authors present an opinion regarding the approach needed by the future government in addressing the future of the nation. However, despite the noted similarities, the two statements differ in regards to their conclusions as to how the U.S should continue protecting individual liberty. Although the two statements uphold the declaration, Sharon Statement supports the intentionsRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States1814 Words   |  8 PagesThe Declaration of Independence is the most imperative and most seasoned report in the United State History. The Declaration was drafted and marked to report our Declaration Of Independence from Great Britain, by saying, â€Å" The United C olonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free andRead MoreWomen s Movement Of The United States1438 Words   |  6 PagesQuaker Abolitionist Lucretta Mott. About 100 people attended the convention; two-thirds were women. Stanton drafted a â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments, Grievances and Resolutions,† that echoed the preamble of the Declaration of Independence: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal.† Among the 13 resolutions set forth in Stanton’s â€Å"Declaration† was the goal of achieving the â€Å"sacred† right of franchise.†3 The sometimes-fractions suffrage movement that grew out ofRead MorePresident Abraham Lincoln Delivered One Of The Most Famous Speeches1698 Words   |  7 Pagesthe entirety of his speeches and remarks. According to reports, the audience interrupted Lincoln five times to applaud his speech (though they offered only mildly polite applause at the time conclusion of his remarks). Lincoln focuses on the ideal set fourth score and seven years ago â€Å"In the Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal.† A Journalists had to transcribe the next as it was spoken leading to conflicting reports as to what President Lincoln said and how he said it. AddingRead MoreAmerica s Position On Reciprocity And Bilateral Free Trade Agreements1574 Words   |  7 Pages During his tenure as Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson vied for similar principles of open commerce and relieving free trade from â€Å"piles of regulating laws, duties and prohibitions† (Ford, 115). In one of Jefferson’s final reports as secretary, he drafted the â€Å"Report on the Privileges and Restrictions on the Commerce of the United States in Foreign Countries† in order to consolidate America’s position on reciprocity and bilateral free trade agreements. In the document he emphasized that â€Å"freeRead MoreThe Political Risk And Country Risk Of Taiwan Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: This report aims to assess the political risk and country risk of Taiwan prior to foreign investment by Primark. Generally, political risk can be described as â€Å"the application of host government policies that constrain the business operations of a given foreign investment(Schmidt, 1986)†. There are three types of political risks including firm-specific risk, country-specific risk and global specific risk. In order for a Primark to do foreign investment, it needs to evaluate the risksRead MoreThe Presidency Of Thomas Jefferson Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesmassive estate, with many slaves she had gotten from her father. They truly did love each other, but she soon died. Jefferson then wrote his most revealing document, A Summary View of the Rights of the British America (1774), as well as the Declaration of Independence, and Notes on the State of Virginia (1781). He held several government positions, such as governor of Virginia during the Revolution. The Americans at the time believed Jefferson had the ability to create the world of their ancestors, butRead MoreAmnesty International Exists For Human Rights908 Words   |  4 Pagesenshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and other internationally recognized human rights standards. The UDHR states that the the recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all people is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. Beneficiaries: Amnesty reports disproportionately on relatively more democratic and open countries, arguing that its intention is not to produce a range of reports which statistically represents

Who Is the Character of Mrs. Malaprop

The character Mrs. Malaprop is a humorous aunt who gets mixed up in the schemes and dreams of young lovers in Richard Brinsley Sheridans 1775 comedy-of-manners The Rivals. One of the funniest aspects of Mrs. Malaprops  character is that she often uses an incorrect word to express herself. The popularity of the play and of the character led to the creation of the literary term malapropism, meaning the practice (whether by intent or by accident) of using an incorrect word that sounds similar to the appropriate word. Mrs. Malaprops name comes from the French term  malapropos, meaning  Ã¢â‚¬Å"inappropriate† Here are a few examples of Mrs. Malaprops wit and wisdom: We will not anticipate the past, our retrospection will now be all to the future. The pineapple of politeness (Instead of pinnacle of politeness.) Shes as headstrong as an allegory on the banks of the Nile (Instead of alligator on the banks of the Nile.) Malapropism in Literature and Theater Sheridan was by no means the first or last to use malapropism in his work.  Shakespeare, for example, invented several  characters whose traits are similar to those of Mrs. Malaprop. A few examples include: Mistress Quickly, a lower-class innkeeper who appears in multiple plays (Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2, Henry V, and The Merry Wives of Windsor). A friend of Falstaffs, she says he is indicted to dinner rather than invited to dinner.Constable Dogberry, a character in Much Ado About Nothing, who comprehended auspicious persons rather than apprehending suspicious persons. Dogberrys malapropisms became so famous that the term Dogberryism was coined―a term that is essentially synonymous with malapropism. Many other writers have created Malaprop-type characters or characterizations.  For example,  Charles Dickens created Oliver Twists Mr. Bumble, who said of the orphans he routinely starved and beat: We name our fondlings in alphabetical order.  Comedian Stan Laurel, in Sons of the Desert, refers to a nervous shakedown, and calls the exalted ruler the exhausted ruler. TVs Archie Bunker of the sitcom All in the Family was characterized by his constant malapropisms. Just a few of his best-known malapropisms including: A house of ill refute (rather than ill repute)An ivory shower (rather than an ivory tower)A pigs eye (rather than a pig sty)Nectarines of the gods (rather than nectar of the gods) The Purpose of Malapropism Of course, malapropism is an easy way to get a laugh―and, across the board, characters who use malapropisms are comic characters. Malapropism, however, has a subtler purpose. Characters who mispronounce or misuse common words and phrases are, by definition, either unintelligent or uneducated or both. A malapropism in the mouth of a supposedly intelligent or capable character instantly lowers their credibility. One example of this  technique is in the movie Head of State. In the movie the sleazy Vice President mispronounces the word facade (fah-sahd), saying fakade instead. This signals to the audience that he, himself, is not the educated and intelligent man he appears to be.

Gene Technology - 756 Words

Gene Technology Nelly Solorzano Strayer University SCI115008VA016-1158-001 Intro to Biology Kerry Lee November 29, 2015 Gene Technology Biological basis - Genetic engineering is a laboratory process by which an individual genome is purposely modified. With genetic engineering a gene from one species can be transferred to another and produce an organism that is transgenic or a gene can be altered and reinserted into an individual of the same species. Either way resulting in genetically modified organism also known as GMO. One GMO being used now is genetically modified or engineered animals which are animals in which modern technology and molecular biology are used to alter their existing characteristics or traits.†¦show more content†¦Changes are being made to refine the genetic engineering techniques that are being used such as the use of less invasive procedures and less creation of large quantities of animals warranting for less animals exposed to harmful procedures, because out the ones that are created only so many survive the genetic engineering procedures or actually have the wanted outcome. There are also concern with the some of the outcomes of experimenting with genetically modified animals especially with the transplant of animal organs into humans as this may cause catastrophic results being that all human pandemics have been cause of animal viruses that adapted to replicate in humans. Also experimenting with the genes of animals raises ethical dilemmas as some animals have been genetically modified to carry mutations associated with human diseases and often suffer the same symptoms of these conditions like humans. My personal view on this matter of genetically modified animals is that if they are used for a good purpose such as medicine for humans and other animals than this is a good cause. The first genetically modified animals were mice but now a days they are experimenting with many more animals I do have some reservations on this matter. While I do know a lot of research has been accomplished without the need of experimenting on humans. I don’t think animalsShow MoreRelatedGene Technology Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesWeek 8 Assignment 2: Gene Technology Introduction to Biology Mr. James Cox March 3, 2013 Gene technology is the term given to a range of activities concerned with understanding the expression of genes, taking advantage of natural genetic variation, modifying genes and transferring genes to new hosts. Gene technology sits within the broader area of biotechnology – the use of living things to make or change products. Humans have been using biotechnology for centuriesRead MoreThe Genetic Modification Of Gene Technology1308 Words   |  6 PagesCrop Genetic Modification Biological basis Gene technology also known as genetic engineering involves taking genes of one organism and putting it into another to have only certain desired characteristic and isolating others, which are undesirable (Forman, 2010). 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The other method uses transcription activator-likeRead MoreGene Editing And Society : Technology1919 Words   |  8 PagesMichael Estrada Ms. Moskowitz ENC 1101 29 September 2015 Gene Editing and Society Technology has helped humanity in almost every aspect of everyday life. It has made life so much easier that it has become almost impossible to live without. In Dr. Richard Restaks â€Å"Attention Deficit: The Brain Syndrome of Our Era†, and Alexandra Samuels â€Å"Plug In Better’: A Manifesto† they both go into detail on how technology has affected today’s society, and how it has changed human behavior to rely on it to suchRead MoreGene Editing Technology : Overview2138 Words   |  9 PagesGene-Editing Technology: Overview a. Goals In order to explore the ethical landscape of genome editing, it is first necessary to discuss the range of methods, the differing goals, and the recent advances in this biotechnology. According to the director of the NIH, Dr. Francis Collins, genome editing is an â€Å"area of research seeking to modify genes of living organisms to improve our understanding of gene function and advance potential therapeutic applications to correct genetic abnormalities.† MoreRead MoreTechnology of Heart Gene Therapy657 Words   |  3 PagesAlthough the technology of heart gene therapy is at its initial stages and only medical trials have begun, some ethical questions and arguments are arising on its acceptability to be used for treating people. Heart gene therapy involves insertion of a foreign gene and this is argued to be against nature because our natural genetic makeup is altered from this treatment (Kelly, 2007). This has erupted discussions for and against this treatment. Some people a rgue that altering our genetic makeup, evenRead MoreGene Technology : Genetically Modified Crop Plants1702 Words   |  7 Pages GENE TECHNOLOGY: GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROP PLANTS LYNN FOWKES STRAYER UNIVERSITY DR. NICOLE MINOR SCI 115 NOVEMBER 30, 2015 Biological basis Biological technology began with the use of the very simple household item, like natural yeast. Yeast has been used long before modern technological technologies. It was originally used for making bread, wine, and beer. This simple item uses a process called fermentation. Fermentation is the process in which a chemical breakdown occurs by usingRead MoreGenetic Modification : Recombinant Dna ( Rdna ) Technology Or Gene Splicing Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesreferred to as recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology or gene splicing, has proven to be more precise, predictable and a better-understood method for the manipulation of genetic material than previously attained through conventional plant breeding. Agricultural applications of the technology have involved the insertion of genes of desirable agronomic traits into a variety of crop plants, and from a variety of biological sources. Examples include soybeans modified with gene sequence from a streptomyces speciesRead MoreGene Technology Is The Basic Physical And Functional Unit Of Heredity2000 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity and can be used in gene technology processes. Gene technology refers the range of activities concerned with understanding gene expression, taking advantage of natural genetic variation, modifying genes and transferring genes to new hosts. A specific example of gene technology is Gene Therapy. This term refers to the process of introducing DNA into a patient to treat a genetic disease. The new DNA contains a functioning gene to correctRead MoreEssay about Sci 115 Week 8 Assignment 2 Gene Technology1132 Words   |  5 PagesSCI 115 WEEK 8 ASSIGNMENT 2 GENE TECHNOLOGY To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/sci-115-week-8-assignment-2-gene-technology/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM SCI 115 WEEK 8 ASSIGNMENT 2 GENE TECHNOLOGY SCI 115 Week 8 Assignment 2 - Gene Technology Gene technology carries with it social and ethical implications—many of which engender personal views and discussion. Select one (1) of the following biotechnology topics to write about: †¢ Genetically

An Analysis of Ode to the West Wind Essay - 1353 Words

An Analysis of Ode to the West Wind Shelleys Ode to the West Wind appears more complex at first than it really is because the poem is structured much like a long, complex sentence in which the main clause does not appear until the last of five fourteen line sections. The poems main idea is held in suspension for 56 lines before the reader sees exactly what Shelley is saying to the west wind, and why hes saying it. In the first four sections Shelley addresses the west wind in three different ways, each one evoking the winds power and beauty. And each section ends with Shelley asking the West Wind to hear, oh hear! The readers curiosity is therefore both aroused and suspended, because we know the west wind is supposed to†¦show more content†¦We only know that Shelley cries out, Destroyer and preserver: hear, oh, hear! (14) The second stanza shifts emphasis to another image, not the dead leaves of autumn and the wingà ¨d seeds that will germinate in the spring, but the roiling autumn clouds that promise storm and rain. This image is less complex than the wind that drives the leaves and seeds, because little is evoked except for the terrific power of the wind. It shakes the clouds from the tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean (17). Here, the clouds take on a leaf-like aspectemdash;a clever technique Shelley uses to connect the west wind of part one with the west wind of part two. The image in this second stanza focuses more clearly on the death of the year proclaimed by the powerful storms that the wind blows in. The clouds are Angels of rain and lightning (18) and, torn to shreds by the fierce wind, look Like the bright hair uplifted from the head/ Of some fierce Maenad (20, 21). The ominous, death-like aspect of the winds sound to Shelley like the dirge/ Of the dying year (23, 24). All of this emphasize s death, but also the power of the west wind to bring about vast change. So two features of the west wind have become clear in the first two stanzas: it destroys and preserves; it profoundly changes things. It is clear that Shelleys apostrophe is addressed to a powerful force, but we do not yet know why he asks it oh, hear! The mystery is only deepened in stanzaShow MoreRelatedEssay on Analysis of Ode to the West Wind1129 Words   |  5 Pagespentameter in terza rima formation. The rhyming pattern follows the form aba bcb cdc ded ee. According to Shelleys note, this poem was conceived and chiefly written in a wood that skirts the Arno, near Florence, and on a day when that tempestuous wind, whose temperature is at once mild and animating, was collecting the vapours which pour down the autumnal rains. They began, as I foresaw, at sunset with a violent tempest of hail and rain, attended that magnificent thunder and lightning peculiar toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Ode Of The West Wind 1855 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Ode to the West Wind†, using various literary devices, proposes the question: How does the speaker, or Percy Shelley, perceive the west wind and what relationship does Shelley wish to obtain with the west wind in order to achieve his main goal? In Shelley’s â€Å"Ode to the West Wind†, metaphors and similes, tone, and imagery reveal Shelley’s perception of the west wind as a powerful force of nature and his dire need to become like the wind in order to inspire the world that surrounds him. The firstRead More Ode To The West Wind Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pages Theme :- Inspiration in amp;#8220;Ode to the West Wind; amp;#8220;When composition begins, inspiration is already on the decline; - P. B. Shelley nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Shelley deals with the theme of inspiration in much of his work. However it is particularly apparent in amp;#8216;Ode to the West Windamp;#8217; where the wind is the source of his creativity. The cycles of death and rebirth are examined in an historical context with reference to The Bible. The word inspiration hasRead MoreAnalysis Of Percy Shelley s Frankenstein, Thomas Love Peacock And Lord Byron1486 Words   |  6 Pagesconcepts were not marginal based. The success of his works perhaps could be explained as to be able to occur by the time of his death when most people particularly the literature society of the English people began looking in to them in in-depth analysis. He is one of the people who failed to enjoy his works at the time of his life and his success now comes by to be seen at the time and three generations after his death. Just like everything good goes by, things have to have strengths and weaknessesRead Morecritical appreciation1066 Words   |  5 Pagescertainties... Context- The context gives us the time and location of the poem. It is what prompted the poem. The context might be an event of great political significance like the French Revolution. It prompted P.B. Shelley s famous, Ode to the West Wind. The poem beautifully upholds the spirit of the revolution and heralded the dawn of a new age. Language- The language of a poem is the very vehicle of its thoughts and ideas. Study the language in terms of the use of figures of speech,Read MorePercy Bysshe Shelley : Nature Poet Guided By A Rebellious Heart1918 Words   |  8 Pagesused them as a basis for his long poem Prometheus Unbound.16 In his poem The Cloud, he becomes the cloud. He symbolized his love for nature by manifesting himself as a part of nature.17 In Ode to the West Wind, Shelley likened his mind to that of leaves falling. The leaves fell, but then were lifted by the wind of thought. He knew and sought for the Divine, and he prayed for the energy of life.18 In his famous literary work The Defence of Reason, he distinguishes between reason and imagination.Read More Twain’s Huckleberry Finn and Kerouac’s On the Road – The River and the Road3035 Words   |  13 Pagesdivision between east and west, between old and new, between complacency and hope. Sal Paradise reflects: â€Å"There is something brown and holy about the East, and California is white like washliness and empty headed† (Kerouac 79). The promise and hope of making an imprint upon the clean white pages of Californian history appeals to Paradise and is recognized as soon as he crosses the Mississippi River. For him the river is â€Å"the dividing line between the East of my youth and the West of my future† (15). Read MoreRhetorical Devices3007 Words   |  13 Pagesis part of classical rhetoric and a number of rhetorical devices are worth considering in any analysis of style. For the analysis of literature a knowledge of rhetorical devices is indispensable, since there is often a considerable density of rhetorical figures and tropes which are important generators and qualifiers of meaning and effect. This is particularly the case in poetry. Especially the analysis of the use of imagery is important for any kind of literary text. (For further details see AnalysingRead MoreExtensive Reader4330 Words   |  18 PagesNevertheless, recognizing the beauty in the simple brain of this skylark, the speaker would be happy to know only â€Å"half its gladness,† seeking the ability to inspire others the way he was inspired by the bird. This poem goes hand-in-hand with â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† in that Shelley uses objects in nature as a catalyst for both inspiration and introspection as to what his own purpose is as poet. Immediately referring to the skylark as a â€Å"blithe spirit† makes the bird a supernatural object Shelley is dotingRead MoreEssay on The Gothic Genre and What it Entails6177 Words   |  25 Pages its intentional political relevance. Much of the canonical Romantic literature is inspired or informed by socio-political events. We need only look at Blakes work or key poems by second generation Romantics like Shelleys Ode to the West Wind or The Mask of Anarchy to verify this. The same is true of Romantic Gothic which arose around that unique period in European history posthumously defined by the French Revolution but significant for its trans-European massive

Great Inflation Essay Example For Students

Great Inflation Essay annonIn late-1922 the German government were forced to askthe Allies for a moratorium on reparations payments; this was refused, andshe then defaulted on shipments of both coal and timber to France. ByJanuary of the following year, French and Belgian troopshad entered and occupied the Ruhr. The German people, perhaps for thefirst time since 1914, united behind their government, and passiveresistance to the occupying troops was ordered. A government-funded strikebegan as thousands of workers marched outof their factories and steel works. The German economy, already undermassive pressure, gave way. The huge cost of funding the strike in theRuhr and the costs of imports to meet basic consumer needs were met by thefamiliar expedient of the printing pre sses. Note circulation increasedrapidly, and by November 1923 had reached almost 92 trillion marks. Withless than three per cent of government expenditure being met from incomeand with the cost of one dollar at four billion marks, Germany was in theth roes of economic and social chaos. Starvation became a reality formillions of people, despite a bumper cereal harvest, as shops reverted tothe barter system. Farmers refused to accept the effectively worthless,banknotes in exchange for grain, and food quickly began to run short inthe cities. Prices rose one trillion-fold from their pre-war level. Moreimportantly, for the long-term political future of Germany, the middle andworking classes saw their savings wiped out. These were, in essence, thepe ople who were later to become the hard-core of the Nazi vote. Economists will argue that runaway hyperinflation has two sources. Firstly, it arises through a fall in the foreign exchange value of acurrency, when an adverse balance of payments reduces foreign investorsdemand for the currency. A falling exchange rat e increases the cost ofimports and, therefore, the cost of living. Wages rise as workers try tomaintain their standard of living, especially if previous institutionalarrangements have linked wages to living costs. Firms paying higher wagesraise the pr ice of the goods they sell, prices rise still further, theforeign exchange value of the currency falls still more, and the cyclecontinues. Secondly, it arises through a large budget deficit which no onebelieves will narrow in the future. Faced with theprospect of budget deficits for many years to come, the usual sources ofcredit available to the government decline to make further loans; thegovernment can no longer borrow to cover the deficit between revenue andexpenditure. The only alternative is t o print more and more banknotes. Asgovernment workers a nd suppliers present their bills to the Treasury, itpays them off with newly-printed pieces of paper. This puts more banknotesinto the hands of the public and they then spend them. In Germany, as wehave seen, the problem was that there were trillions of marks worth ofpaper currency in circulation. Prices could rise one thousand timesbetween a worker being paid and his reaching the shops. A common analogyused is that if one could afford a bottl e of wine today, one should keepthe empty bottle which would be worth more tomorrow than the full bottlewas today.Eventually, the power to boost government spending by printing money goes. When the government can no longer gain, even in the short-term, abudgetary balance through inflation, the situation becomes so intense thatstabilisation through a currency board,a new finance minister or a link to the gold standard is implemented, andreform can be successful. It was at this point that some sanity wasinjected into the German economy by the election of Gustav Stresemann. Hecalled a halt to resistance in the Ru hr, and set out to stabilise themark. Luther, Stresemann’s Finance Minister, introduced the rentenmark thevalue of which was based on Germany’s staple, rye, rather than gold. Infact the rentenmark represented a mortgage on Germany’s land and industry,which could never be redeemed. It did not matter. The point was that thecurrency was stabilised and became exchangeable at a rate of one billionold marks to one new mark, and at the pre-war parity of 4.2 marks to thedollar. The new currency was quickl y accepted by the population, and foodand co nsumer goods began to appear in the shops. The government could nowattempt to regain budgetary control in a climate of low inflation. TheDawes Plan was brokered, and a sum of some 39 billion dollars was lent toGermany of the following five years. However, this new economic prosperityhad its basis in foreign investment, and thus the fate of Germany was noweffectively held in the hands of Wall Street.The consequences of the Great Inflation to Germany are many fold, andthere is no doubt that politically, the first warning signs of a move awayfrom fascism were seen. In the elections of May 1924, both the Nazi andCommunist Parties made gains at the ex pense of the centre. The faith ofthe people in the Republic suffered a severe blow. As Shirer points out:‘What good were the standards and practices of such a society, whichencouraged savings and investment and solemnly promised a safe return fromthe m and then defaulted? Was this not a fraud on the people? And was notthe democratic Republic, which had surrendered to the enemy and acceptedthe burden of reparations, to blame for the disaster?’ Upper middle classsavings in Germany were wiped out dur ing the hyperinflation. Such savingshad usually been invested in bonds and bank accounts, so the collapse ofthe real value of the mark carried with it the collapse of the value ofthe bonds. Debtors benefited substantially, for their debts were effectively wiped out. The relatively small, financially unsophisticated saverswho made up Germany’s upper middle class had nothing left. This may havebeen the most important aspect of Germany’s early-1920s hyperinflation. Civil Disobedience Essay William R. Keylor, The Twentieth Century World, (Oxford: 1984)., pp. 84-85.  William Gutteman and Patricia Meehan, The Great Inflation: Germany 1918 1923, (London: 1976), p.71.  Eberhard Kolb, ‘The Weimar Republic’, (London: 1995), pp. 39 41.  William L. Shirer, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich’, (New York: 1980), pp. 58-61.  David Hackett Fischer, ‘The Great Wave’, (Oxford: 1996), pp. 192-193.  Erik Achorn, ‘European Civilization and Politics since 1815’, (London: 1935), pp. 561 562.  Kolb, op. cit., pp. 40 41.  Shirer, op. cit., p. 63.  David Fischer, op. cit., p. 193 The argument in this paragraph is drawn from David Fischer, op. cit., pp193 -194, Paul Kennedy, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers’, (London: 1989, pp. 357 373, and D. H. Aldcroft, ‘From Versailles to Wall Street’, (New York: 1977), chs. 1 2.  David Blackman, ‘European Inflationary Trends: 1815 1945’, (London: 1954), pp. 321 -322.  David Fischer, op. cit., pp. 194 5.  Kolb, op. cit., pp. 194 -195.  Shirer, op. cit., p. 61. Footnote Text:iy, the provisions of the Treaty of Versaillesflation profiteering’. Successive German governments failed to implement anti-inflationarypolicies and, it has been argued, this represented the cynical use ofinflation as a reason for reducing, or not meeting, reparations payments. This is not to say that the reparations clausesdid not have an effect on the German economy of course they did. TheAllies, however, failed to set a final reparations figure until the LondonUltimatum of 1921; this long delayproduced, as William Keylor argues: ‘†¦widespread economicuncertainty†¦Foreign and domestic investors were understandably reluctantto commit their savings to an economic system that was saddled with anuncertain, and potentially enormous, claim on its productive resources.’ In terms of the broader consequences of the GreatInflation, it is easily argued that the control of Germany’s fiscalaffairs ultimately passed into the hands of the international bankingcommunity, which was to have disastrous long-term effects on Germany. It i s also arguable that, as ‘the foster-child ofthe Great Inflation’, Adolf Hitler would come to power as a long termeffect.The total cost of the First World War to Germany was, it has beencalculated, in excess of 164 billion marks. This massive cost was met byraising some 93 billion marks in war loans, 29 billion from discountedTreasury Bills and the balance by the simple if potentially disastrous expedient of printing paper money. Bylate-1918 over 35 billion paper marks were in circulation, and more papermoney was used to invest in yet more Bills. There was little fear thatinflation already beginning in Germany would have a serious long-term effect on the economy. This financialmismanagement was justified by the belief, in both financial andgovernment circles, that the defeated enemy would pay for the cost of thewar. Germany had already indicated her willingness to fund her wars in this way, as can be seen in the terms of theTreaty of Brest-Litovsk and her treaty wit h France in 1871. KarlHelfferich, Reich Secretary to the Treasury, had said in a wartime speechto the Reichstag: ‘After the war we shall not forego our claim that our enemies shall make restitution for all thematerial damage they have caused by the irresponsible launching of thiswar against us.’ However, because of the inflationary means by which theimperial government had financed thewar, the German mark in 1919 was worth less than 20 per cent of itspre-war value. After the formation of the Republic in 1919that can bemade.  John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, (London: 1920), p.64.  William R. Keylor, The Twentieth Century World, (Oxford: 1984)., pp. 84-85.  William Gutteman and Patricia Meehan, The Great Inflation: Germany 1918 1923, (London: 1976), p.71.  Eberhard Kolb, ‘The Weimar Republic’, (London: 1995), pp. 39 41.  William L. Shirer, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich’, (New York: 1980), pp. 58-61.  David Hackett Fischer, ‘The Great Wave’, (Oxford: 1996), pp. 192-193.  Erik Achorn, ‘European Civilization and Politics since 1815’, (London: 1935), pp. 561 562.  Kolb, op. cit., pp. 40 41.  Shirer, op. cit., p. 63.  David Fischer, op. cit., p. 193 The argument in this paragraph is drawn from David Fischer, op. cit., pp193 -194, Paul Kennedy, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers’, (London: 1989, pp. 357 373, and D. H. Aldcroft, ‘From Versailles to Wall Street’, (New York: 1977), chs. 1 2.  David Blackman, ‘European Inflationary Trends: 1815 1945’, (London: 1954), pp. 321 -322.  David Fischer, op. cit., pp. 194 5.  Kolb, op. cit., pp. 194 -195.  Shirer, op. cit., p. 61.

Skateboarding free essay sample

Skateboarding has been around since the early 1950’s, when surfers wanted a way to mimic surfing without the water. Skateboarding then, was known as â€Å"sidewalk surfing† to many local skateboarders. The name â€Å"sidewalk surfing† comes from skateboarders wanting to do surfing-like maneuvers while traveling at a high rate of speed. Then 1950’s were the opening era of skateboarding, but it was not very popular at this time. Many people disliked skateboards, because they destroyed property, and nearly ran over people. Skateboarding became most popular in California, where it was founded. Over the years, skateboarding became more advanced, in terms of board shapes. The skateboard was first shaped in an oval form. It was soon changed to a slightly larger, oval wooden board. In these advances, new equipment started to become more efficient. Introducing new helmets, knee pads, and wrist guards. Soon enough, the first tick was preformed on the skateboard, which would be the turning point in the history of skateboarding. The 1960’s were a progressive time of the skateboarding era. At this time, many companies started to produce mass amounts of skateboards, making it a popular item to buy. Skateboarding in the early 1960’s was mostly downhill slalom with a twist of freestyle added in. Competitions were held at these events, making this â€Å"dangerous† hobby a competitive challenge. By the end of the 1960’s, skateboarding had died out and was rarely seen for a while. â€Å"The skateboarding fad died as quickly as it had started, and the sport had entered its first slump. † (Skatelog. com) The biggest change in skateboarding happened in the 1970’s. Although skateboarding was not seen as much, many companies went down, encouraging kids to make their own skateboards out of wood. Making these skateboards did not require any special materials, which was convenient. While skateboarding was already not safe, it posed as an increased risk for injury when kids were making their own skateboards. The most unsafe thing about skateboards, up until the 1970’s, would be the wheels of the skateboard. The wheels of a skateboard were made out of a hardened clay material. This made the wheels ide rough on hard surfaces like pavement and concrete. These wheels easily chipped off and wore out easily. It wasn’t until 1972 when a man named Frank Nasworthy, created the first safe and efficient skateboard wheel. The wheel Nasworthy created was made out of an urethane material. This made the wheel easier to control and more stable at high speeds. The urethane wheel made the skateboards bounce when a bump was hit. Nasworthy stated, â€Å" I thought that if I could sell one set of wheels to each surfing shop, I would make a little bit of money. † (Tony Roberts, People. om) The 1970’s in all, was a productive century in the skateboarding history. In addition, the 1980’s time period had a lot to offer to the skateboarding community. Then shape of the skateboard soon changed again, this time into a wider board. The wider design of this board made it easier to do tricks on. The previously introduced urethane wheels combined with the new shape of the skateboard, created a whole new was to perform maneuvers. The creation of skateboarding ramps began in the 1980’s. Skateboarding ramps were either small or large in size, wooden, with a metal coping at the top. These ramps were usually called â€Å"kicker ramps† because they could launch a person on a skateboard at least 5 feet in the air. Other forms of skateboarding ramps include half pipes and bowls. Many businesses started creating what its known as â€Å"skate parks. † These skate parks included ramps and obstacles for skateboarders to ride on. Local businesses did not allow skateboarding on their property because of the health risks involved and the damaging of property. Skate parks usually recreated an urban skateboarding environment, in a small or large warehouse. These businesses who started skate parks could charge a fee to skateboard. With skate parks blooming and ramps being built, accidents on a skateboard became very often. This caused an increase in health insurance fees, and the reliability of the person or the skate park owner to take action. Injuries involved in skateboarding can range from mild to severe. Bruising to the skin and bones is a mild injury. This can happen when you fall off a skateboard and hit an object or the ground. They can usually be treated by resting the injured spot, or bandages. Broken bones fall in the severe category. This happens when you fall from a long distance or height, to the direct pressure of a bone. Broken bones need to be professionally treated in order to be correctly treated. â€Å"Most skateboarding injuries involve the wrist, ankle, or face. † (orthoinfo. aaos. org) In the 1990’s, skateboarding was pretty close to what it has become today. The shape of the skateboard changed back into an oval shape like before, only this time it had curved up sides. These curved up sides were known as concave. Concave gave the skateboard a way to get off the ground easier. It gave the skateboard more â€Å"pop†. The â€Å"pop† refers to the actual snapping of the tail on the skateboard while doing a trick. In the 1990’s, skateboarding could be a choice in a career. Many skateboarding companies were sponsoring skateboarders who had talent. This would land the skateboarders in competitions that could result in huge paychecks. Nobody before this time in skateboarding thought skateboarding could become a career. This influenced many young skateboarders to step up their skateboarding and try to become a professional. With all the people turning pro, the world needed a skateboarding competition where all the best can compete to be known as the best skateboarder in the world. This very own competition was known as the X-Games. This competition was a day at a time event that would push skateboarding to its limits. The ramps at the X-Games were four times as large as the ramps at a local skate park. Even though some skateboarders were not good enough to become pro, many people still enjoyed skateboarding as a hobby. Some pro skateboarders include: Tony Hawk, Rodney Mullen, Chad Muska, Bob Burnquest, and many more. These skateboarders were some of the biggest names in skateboarding in the 1990’s. â€Å"Modern day skateboarding (2000-present), is at its peak. †(skateboarding. com). There are many new names in skateboarding, and still growing. Skateboarding has become more banned in business and privately own areas. Many businesses have security guards to protect the premises from skateboarders. The reason behind this, is because skateboarders doing tricks on these businesses grounds causes damage to the place, and can cause harm to the innocent people around the place. It is estimated that skateboarders cause up to 2 million dollars worth of damage each year to cities. Many skateboarders do not mean to cause this damage, in which they just need a place to skate. In this economic position as of today, many skate parks are going out of business. The cost of running a skate park is increasing in taxes. Professional skateboarder Rob Dyrdek, is very popular in the skate park business. With all of his earnings from skateboarding, he created an organization to provide low income cities with a skate park for kids. This organization is known as â€Å"Safe Spot Skate Spot. † This would provide kids with a safe and reliable place to ride their skateboards without worrying about security and dangers of oncoming traffic. Skateboarding in general, has only reached its peak. Skateboarding is predicted to grown and get better in the future, which could result in a good thing or a bad thing. Skateboarding could grow into an economic expansion, or die away once again like in the 1960’s. Only time will tell which path the future of skateboarding will take.