Global Socities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Socities - Essay Example However the real winners are the citizens themselves – more so because it is because of them that the mayors and legislators receive these prizes. Societal relationships the world over are regarded as pertinent since these form the basis of growth and interaction amongst people. The aspect of people-to-people contact is important because they form their own communities and yet live within the domains of the society of which they are an essential part of. Being good citizens of a society means so much more, rather than mere residents within the different locales. (Saul, 2002) It is a wholly different ideology – and one that needs proper understanding by the people who activate the citizens in a positive manner. A perfect society is one in which the citizens are actively geared to reach out to each other, help the fabric of the society and in essence carve out a niche for meeting their own problems on a proactive basis. (Lipschutz, 2001) Similarly, justice and its application is an important ingredient within the active domains of citizenship. It is not only about being fair but it also holds a great deal of importance on being fair and timely. (Stoddart, 2007) It is a true saying that justice delayed is justice denied; for this reason justice takes both these things when it is defined in the truest sense of the word. Justice is radically associated with the mighty men – the rulers and the ones who govern a particular area or a regiment of soldiers. The concepts of civil rights and of civil law are both functions of the concept of civil society whereby it is that bubble of private action free of government control. (Spiro, 1999) It is not free of government action, because government action secures the nature of civil society by the protection of persons against criminal wrongs. The essence of civil society is thus that people are left by government to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, while the government protects the

The 5 Positive Outcomes for Children and Young People Essay Example for Free

The 5 Positive Outcomes for Children and Young People Essay 1. Being healthy this outcome deals with the extent to which providers contribute to the development of healthy lifestyles in children. Evidence will include ways in which providers promote the following: physical, mental, emotional and sexual health; participation in sport and exercise; healthy eating and the drinking of water; the ability to recognise and combat personal stress; having self-esteem; and the avoidance of drug taking including smoking and alcohol. There should also be assessment of the extent to which appropriate support is available for both students and staff to help achieve these positive outcomes. 2. Staying safe this outcome is principally about the extent to which providers contribute to ensuring that ‘children’ stay safe from harm. Evidence includes complying with child protection legislation, undertaking CRB checks, protecting young people and vulnerable adults from bullying, harassment and other forms of maltreatment, discrimination, crime, anti-social behaviour, sexual exploitation, exposure to violence and other dangers. Ensuring that all relevant staff are appropriately trained. 3. Enjoying and achieving this outcome includes attending and enjoying education and training, and the extent to which learners make progress with regard to their learning and their personal development. Evidence to evaluate this includes arrangements to assess and monitor learners’ progress, support learners with poor attendance and behaviour, and meet the needs of potentially underachieving groups. Also relevant will be the extent and effectiveness of the ‘enrichment’ of provision by promoting social, cultural, sporting and recreational activities. Learners’ views about the degree to which they enjoy their ‘learning life’ are taken into account here. 4. Making a positive contribution this outcome includes the development of self-confidence and enterprising behaviour in learners, together with their understanding of rights and responsibilities, and their active participation in community life. Evidence includes measures to ensure understanding of rights and responsibilities, the extent to which learners are consulted about key decisions, and the provision of opportunities for learners to develop and lead provider and community activities. There should also be a focus on enabling young people to develop appropriate independent behaviour and to avoid engaging in antisocial behaviour. 5. Achieving economic well-being this outcome includes the effectiveness of the ways in which the provider prepares learners for the acquisition of the skills and knowledge needed for employment and for economically independent living. Evidence includes arrangements for developing self-confidence, enterprise and teamwork, the provision of good careers advice and training for financial competence, and the accessibility of opportunities for work experience and work-based learning.

Legalization of Marijuana Debate

Legalization of Marijuana Debate What if one of Americas most illegal plants was also one of the worlds most beneficial plants? Marijuana has a wide variety of different applications in society, but remains illegal by federal law.  Some states have decriminalized cannabis, but federal law does not recognize state law.  Suppose that by federal law, cannabis were a decriminalized or legal substance.  An entire new world of research could arise and each of its uses would become definitive.  Perceptions concerning the use of marijuana would likely be altered.  The decriminalization or legalization of marijuana would presumably cause many economical, industrial, and medical adaptations focused towards the benefit of the United States of America. Being an activist plays a key role in the decriminalization of marijuana. Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede or direct social, political, economic, or environmental change. Activists for the legalization of marijuana have made great strides in 20 states to date based upon the supporters of its medical uses. Although Congress classified marijuana as a Schedule 1 substance (a category of drugs not considered legitimate for medical use) in 1970, instantly making it the most widely used drug in the U.S. Many disagree with this and the fight (in the media, courts, and on the streets) raises ethical issues, such as whether or not the government should be allowed to govern what people do in their own homes. In fact, up until the government started imposing restrictions in 1930, physicians still widely prescribed marijuana to their patients for a variety of reasons that are similar to the reasons people use it today (Bostwick, 2012). Marijuana, as most people commonly know it, is actually a plant called hemp, or cannabis sativa. Hemp is any durable plant used since prehistory for many purposes, such as rope, paper, and clothing. The cannabis plant also produces three very important products that other plants do not (in usable form): seed, pulp, and medicine. The cannabis sativa plant grows as weed and cultivated plant all over the world in a variety of climates and soils (Legalizing Hemp 2). Marijuana has been used throughout history; in 6000 B.C. cannabis seeds were used as food in China; in 4000 B.C. the Chinese used textiles made of hemp; the first recorded use of cannabis as medicine in China was in 2727 B.C.; and in 1500 B.C. the Chinese cultivated Cannabis for food and fiber (Legalizing Hemp 2). MEDICAL USES Paul  Armentano, Deputy Director of the NORML (The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws) Foundation, stated at the beginning of this year that scientists are investigating cannabinoids ability to moderate the pain associated with disorders such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease, as well as the cannabinoids role in the treatment of several neurological disorders including Alzheimers disease and Lou Gehrigs disease (par.  3).  The cannabinoids contained in marijuana have the potential to provide therapeutic relief for a multitude of diseases.  The potential therapeutic uses of medical marijuana include relief from clinical conditions like gliomas, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimers, ALS, fibromyalgia, tourettes syndrome, dystonia, HIV, hepatitis c, hypertension, diabetes, sleep apnea, gastrointestinal disorders, pruritis, incontinence, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (Armentano, par.  8).à ƒâ€šÃ‚  Armentano  also stated in his report in the  Recent Research on Medical Marijuana:  Investigators are currently studying the anti-cancer properties of cannabinoids.  A growing body of preclinical and clinical data concludes that cannabinoids can reduce the spread of specific cancer cells via apoptosis (programmed cell death) and by the inhibition of angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels).  Arguably, these latter trends represent far broader and more significant applications for cannabinoid therapeutics than researchers could have imagined some thirty or even twenty years ago (par.  4) If cannabis were to be decriminalized, an entirely new domain of medicinal research could possibly be unlocked.  The medicinal properties of marijuana including the transient as well as therapeutic relief to a broad list of clinical conditions could be further researched and bestowed upon society.  Allen F.  St.  P ierre states in his article  About Marijuana: Modern research suggests that cannabis is a valuable aid in the treatment of a wide range of clinical applications.  These include pain relief particularly of neuropathic pain (pain from nerve damage) nausea, spasticity, glaucoma, and movement disorders. Marijuana is also a powerful appetite stimulant specifically for patients suffering from HIV, the AIDS wasting syndrome, or dementia.  Emerging research suggests that marijuanas medicinal properties may protect the body against some types of malignant tumors and are neuroprotective.  (par.  10) Newer and healthier methods of the application of THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) could be researched in order to prevent any negative effects that inhaling the combusted material of cannabis may have on your respiratory system. New branches of research dedicated to showing the positive aspects of marijuana could be possible decriminalization were set in motion. Canada has already benefited tremendously from their nation-wide legalization of marijuana. Andrew D.  Hathaway and Kate Rossiter state in their article on Canadas society involving medical marijuana that In 2001, Canada announced it would be the first country to legalize cannabis for therapeutic purposes and earmarked funding for clinical trials.  By June, 2007, legal access had been granted to about 1,800 patients with terminal illnesses and serious medical conditions (1). Not only does cannabis have the potential to provide the United States with an extremely broad range of medical application, but this plant also has the potential to provide various industrial applications. INDUSTRIAL USES Hemps uses include but are certainly not limited to: fuel; food (hemp seeds provide an incredible source of protein-not only for people but for birds who seek out hemp seeds which have been mixed with other seeds); paper; textiles, (i.e. canvas, paper, cloth, rope); paint; detergent; varnish; oil; medicine; and building materials. Almost any product that can be made from wood, cotton, or petroleum (including plastics) can be made from hemp. Every year the United States government spends billions of dollars to fund the war on drugs, which is conducted mainly by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). More specifically, the extremely well funded Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program (DCESP) is the portion of the DEA that specifically deals with the enforcement of cannabis laws. In the last 25 years, the enforcement of cannabis prohibition has grown stricter. Despite this, marijuana production in the U.S. has increased ten-fold since 1982 (Crop Report 17). Along with this increased production and DEA enforcement, the cost of the war on marijuana has increased greatly in the last few decades. For example, in 2002 roughly 730,000 people were arrested for state marijuana charges meaning they did not possess enough to get charged federally. The total criminal justice  cost of these marijuana arrests was about $7.6 billion, which equates to roughly $10,400 per arrest (NORML 131). The legalization of marijuana would eliminate the need for all these arrests which would result in an economic boost, not to mention save the money required to incarcerate someone for said offense. In addition to reducing the amount of money spent keeping marijuana illegal, the legalization of marijuana would free up much needed space in our already overcrowded jails. U.S. citizens account for about 5% of the worlds population, yet U.S. prison inmates account for 25% of the worlds prisoners (Eitzen 368). By eliminating the need for marijuana related arrests, a great burden would be lifted off of our police force. Our police would be able to focus their energy on the real criminals in our nation as opposed to wasting money charging citizens with minor marijuana offenses. Most importantly, the legalization of marijuana would eliminate all of the crime involved with marijuana such as sale, possession, paraphernalia, and cultivation.   The Author of Social Problems, Stanley Eitzen explains the concept behind why the legalization of marijuana would do so:  organized crime, which now acquires most of its income from providing illegal goods and services, would no longer be able to hide its investments and profits. Thus, laws against victimless crimes are indirectly responsible for maintaining organized crime (Social Problems 352).   By making marijuana legal, it makes it impossible for criminals to conduct crimes involving marijuana. However, the prohibitive laws regarding marijuana provide organized criminals with one of their most lucrative source of income: the sale of illegal marijuana. Legislation against marijuana does not eliminate the demand for it amongst society either. Due to marijuana being illegal, the price of marijuana is much higher than what it would be if legal. This unintended result of the prohibitive laws against marijuana has caused a slight increase in crime revolved around the purchase of the herb. New crimes are being committed to produce money so that users can afford the high prices; though not as severe as a crime directly related to the sale and cultivation of marijuana, any crime eliminated because of legalization helps. The eradication of crime associated with marijuana and the corresponding money earned as a result will only become possible through the regulation and production of marijuana by the U.S. government. These would not be the only benefits legalization would have to offer either; the government could generate substantial contributions to the economy through the taxation and sale of marijuana within our borders. Ultimately, the war on marijuana has failed. Marijuana use and production continue to increase from year to year despite the increased efforts against marijuana. New regulatory policies need to be researched and tried if the government ever wants to have control over one of the  biggest issues in the war on drugs. ECONOMIC BENEFITS Today marijuana is the number one cash crop in America, generating over $35 billion in dirty money each year (Crop Report 14). That is $18 billion more than second most generated crop corn. Although the prices of marijuana would decline if legalized, the government could still make enormous amounts of money through the taxation, production and sale of marijuana. Marijuana is the fourth most widely used psychoactive drug in the U.S., following caffeine, nicotine and alcohol (Eitzen 385). Caffeine, nicotine and alcohol, are all legal, regulated by the government and all contribute greatly to our economy. Why not do so with cannabis? Tobacco addiction resulting from cigarette smoking kills more Americans than alcohol, cocaine, crack, heroin, homicide, suicide, fires, car accidents, and AIDS combined (Eitzen 389). Yet the government encourages and regulates the sale of cigarettes, this is because the tobacco industry is a major contributor to the U.S. economy. Roughly $158 billion are ge nerated each year by the tobacco industry (Eitzen 389). Aside from the sale of cigarettes, tobacco companies spent $21.2 million professional lobbying firms in 2003, which amounts to more than $127,000 for every day Congress was in session (Eitzen 390). Government intervention in the theoretical cannabis industry could produce monetary gains similar to that of the tobacco industry through essentially the same means. Alcohol, the third most used drug in America, is another example of how government regulation of a drug can be successful. Each year, the government makes billions off of the regulation and sale of alcohol. In addition to the revenues that could be generated through the sale of marijuana, the government could institute a marijuana tax, which would only increase revenues. POLITICAL ASPECT In California On November 2, 2010, Proposition 19 failed at the polls. If it passed, marijuana would have been decriminalized, and the government would have been allowed to regulate and penalize marijuana use and distribution to generate additional revenue (Viswanthan 1). Small groups have risen throughout the United States, primarily in California, advocating for marijuana legalization. One of the most well known groups and Californias largest medical group, the California Medical Association, has also endorsed the legalization of marijuana. But if a similar proposition is proposed, President Barack Obama will not support it. In a press conference in Colombia, Obama said he would engage in a debate regarding legalizing drugs, but elaborated that his administration will not support any bill to legalize them (2). With elections approaching, his stance from 4 years ago has shifted greatly. Presidential  GOP  candidate Mitt Romney has explicitly expressed his dissension around medicinal marijuana in his campaign. After hearing from an individual with muscular dystrophy about his need for medicinal marijuana to survive, Romney repeated fervently that he was not in favor of legalizing medicinal marijuana. The young man with the degenerative illness expressed his worries to the candidate and showed genuine concern for his survival. Five different doctors had recommended the use of medicinal marijuana for this patient, yet the federal government continues to impose fear by prosecuting those who use and prescribe such treatment. Romney continued to ignore his pleas and ended the conversation by walking away from the wheelchair-bound man (CNN). Potential third party candidates such as Ron Paul and Gary Johnson have voiced their support concerning the legalization of marijuana, and have clearly made it known that if they are elected, they will take measures to legalize the drug nationwide (Viswanthan 2). During his 30 years in the House of Representatives, Paul has authored and co-authored multiple marijuana-friendly bills. Hes proposed laws to  decriminalize marijuana, permit industrial hemp farming, and constitutionally delegate to states how to enforce extant medical marijuana (Camia 1).   For those who favor the legalization of marijuana, the ideology revolving around the subject is conveyed perfectly by  Thomas Szasz, a libertarian,   I favor free trade in drugs for the same reason the Founding Fathers favored free trade in ideas. In an open society, it is none of the governments business what idea a man puts into his mind; likewise, it should be none of the governments business what drug he puts into his body (74). Though the federal government did not adopt this ideology, there are other valid reasons that the legalization and regulation of marijuana in the U.S. would provide our nation with significant benefits. The taxation and sale of marijuana alone would provide immense economic contributions. The ending of the war against marijuana would save billions of dollars spent each year hunting down and incarcerating marijuana offenders. The potential that marijuana has to offer as a medicine are all possible results of the legalization of marijuana in the United States. OPPOSING VIEWS Scientific studies may have conflicting results, but overall they link smoking marijuana to heart and lung disease, throat cancer, and a decreased memory capacity. Making marijuana legal would increase the number of people being affected by these diseases. Others point to the staggering amount of drugs that have been seized coming into the United States. They point to how drug use is strongly linked to criminal activity, and predict that legalizing marijuana would lead to an increase in violence and crime (Two Sides of the Conflict Anti-Marijuana). The federal government, which overall is working to keep marijuana illegal, agrees that there is no real benefit to legalizing marijuana. Gil Kerlikowske, director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy wrote As a former police chief, I recognize we are not going to arrest our way out of the problem. We also recognize that legalizing marijuana would not provide the answer to any of the health, social, youth education, criminal justice, and community quality of life challenges associated with drug use.(Gane-McCalla) SOLUTIONS One of the main reasons that cannabis has not been legalized in the U.S. is the perceived danger that smoking it presents to its user; the perception that getting high is harmful. Yes, smoking cannabis is bad for you, but smoking anything is bad for you. Most of the negative health effects that cannabis users experience are a result of the act of inhaling smoke into their lungs, not the actual THC present. Cannabis can be consumed in ways that do not involve combustion, such as edibles or the use of a vaporizer. Through healthier consumption, marijuana can be used medically to relieve certain patients of pain and other ailments as well as serve as a basis for newer, more effective cannabinoid drug development. The legalization of marijuana would help capitalize on the medicinal benefits that THC and other  cannabinoids  present in marijuana have to offer. Though large amounts of THC have been found to disrupt short-term memory and impair motor skills, THC has also been proven to help relieve symptoms of many common health problems (Joy 51). In particular, medical marijuana has had the most significant effect on patients suffering from symptoms such as chronic pain, nausea, appetite loss, muscle spasms, insomnia, and glaucoma (Joy 51). There are plenty of legally prescribed drugs that are often used to treat symptoms like those mentioned above; however many of them can be expensive, cause undesirable side effects, and in several cases can become addictive. For example, Xanax and Vicitin are two of the most widely distributed prescription painkillers on the market today despite their high cost and high risk of dependence. In addition, they are most frequently prescribed to patients experiencing symptoms that THC has been found to alleviate. Not to say that medical marijuana, or THC, will always be better than Xanax or Vicitin or any other prescription drug because there are extreme cases where medical marijuana would not suffice. However, medical marijuana would offer a cheap alternative to expensive prescription drugs without the negative side effects or risk of addiction. Despite popular belief, marijuana has not been proven to be physically addictive. Studies indicate that day-to-day marijuana users will develop a minor physiological addiction to the drug, but no evidence was present of a physical addiction one might face with cocaine, heroin or even caffeine abuse (Joy 92). This trait of THC is but another reason that the developmen t of more advanced cannabinoid based drugs should be looked into if marijuana were legalized. The idea of synthetic THC or a pill form of THC is not a new one. Scientists developed Marinol, the only cannabinoid approved for marketing in the U.S., was introduced in 1985. Although Marinol was not a huge success and is rarely used today, it did lead to the discovery of the neuroprotective qualities  cannabinoids  possess. Janet Joy, author of Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base, explains neuroprotection: One of the most prominent new applications of  cannabinoids  is for neuroprotection, the rescue of neurons from cell death associated with trauma, ischemia, and neurological diseases (202). This quality of  cannabinoids  could prove to be valuable in the development of medicines designed to slow the deterioration of the brain, such as certain types of brain damage and other illnesses causing brain damage. If the use of medical marijuana were legal, people would be provided with a cheaper, and if consumed properly, sometimes healthier alternative to certain ailments they may be experienci ng. Along with the numerous medical uses marijuana already has to offer, the legalization of marijuana would enable scientists to develop state of the art medicines involving  cannabinoids.  Investigators are currently studying the anti-cancer properties of cannabinoids.  A growing body of preclinical and clinical data concludes that cannabinoids can reduce the spread of specific cancer cells via apoptosis (programmed cell death) and by the inhibition of angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels).  Arguably, these latter trends represent far broader and more significant applications for cannabinoid therapeutics than researchers could have imagined some thirty or even twenty years ago (par.  4) . If cannabis were to be decriminalized, an entirely new domain of medicinal research could possibly be unlocked.  The medicinal properties of marijuana including the transient as well as therapeutic relief to a broad list of clinical conditions could be further researched and bestowed upon society.  Allen F.  St.  Pierre states in his article  About Marijuana: Modern research suggests that cannabis is a valuable aid in the treatment of a wide range of clinical applications.  These include pain relief particularly of neuropathic pain (pain from nerve damage) nausea, spasticity, glaucoma, and movement disorders. Marijuana is also a powerful appetite stimulant specifically for patients suffering from HIV, the AIDS wasting syndrome, or dementia.  Emerging research suggests that marijuanas medicinal properties may protect the body against some types of malignant tumors and are neuroprotective.  (par.  10) DISCUSSION There are laws in place making it illegal for anyone under the age of eighteen (in most states) to purchase Nicotine products, and twenty one to purchase alcohol products. Thoughts are that at eighteen/twenty one, one is old enough to have been properly educated and understand what it is they are doing when they purchase these products. Why cant we do this with the legalization of marijuana?    Maybe we should look to European countries for the answer to marijuana legality. Many have made their laws less strict or repealed them entirely, which were fashioned after laws made here in the United States, in favor of the legalization of marijuana. Commander Brain Paddock in a neighborhood of London called Brixton ran a small experiment. Over a six month period, he instructed his officers to warn those caught with small amounts of marijuana rather than arrest them. At the end of those six months, Scotland Yard issued a report that stated more than 2500 hours of manpower was saved by giving warnings (Katz). Not making arrests meant not spending valuable time transporting prisoners and filling out paper work, not to mention court time and costs saved prosecuting those arrested. That time could then be spent on investigating and enforcing other more serious criminal activities. Marijuana use is legal or otherwise overlooked, in many European areas such as Holland. In an article called Europe Loosens Its Pot Laws, written for Rolling Stone Magazine, Gregory Katz wrote that Senior Drug Policy Advisor to the Dutch Minister of Health, Bob Krizer, has said marijuana consumption in Holland has been consistently lower over the past twenty-five years than it has in the United States. During those same twenty-five years, the United States had been waging the War on Drugs, while Holland had been embracing a more liberal policy. Mr. Krizer also states that their rate of harder drug addicts is largely lower than many other countries that have stricter drug policies (Katz). If true, this goes a long way towards proving education is a much better way to get a message across than making laws and arresting people. CONCLUSION Marijuana has the potential to be one of the most useful substances in the world. Even though cannabis prevails as possibly one of the most useful plants on the face of the Earth, it still remains illegal in the United States. With countless uses, whether they be industrial, medical, or economical, it is hard to believe that marijuana still remains a regulated and prohibited substance. It seems as if this harmless flower is considered illegal for no other reason than to be considered illegal. Cannabis is a possible nationwide head start towards the economys stability and withholds the potential to assist in the addressing of some of the United States most pressing issues.  The decriminalization of cannabis has the potential to become one of the greatest economical advances in the history of the United States of America. If people took action and the government legalized it today, we will immediately see benefits from this decision. People suffering from illnesses ranging from manic depression to Multiple Sclerosis would be able to experience relief. The government could make billions of dollars off of the taxes it could impose on its sale, and its implementation into the industrial world would create thousands of new jobs for the economy. Also, because of its role in paper making, the rain forests of South America can be saved from their current fate of extinction. No recorded deaths have ever occurred as a result of marijuana use, it is not physically addictive like alcohol or tobacco, and most doctors will agree it is safer to use than those substances. A quote by Abraham Lincoln describes the situation perfectly. Prohibitiongoes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control a mans appetite by legislation and makes a crime out of things that are not crimes. A prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles upon which our government was founded. Marijuana being illegal has no validity at all. Due to all the positive aspects of marijua na it should be legalized in the United States.  

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne three main characters are taught that they are forced to live with the mistakes they have made. 'One must be response for his/her own actions and be willing to accept the consequences of those actions.'; Hester, Dimmesdale and Chillingworth must all face these 'consequences.'; If you do something in life and you know its wrong that means yu are willing to accept the consequences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hester knows she has done something wrong. She has committed a sin and knows she will be punished for it. She is punished by being forced to wear the letter 'A'; on her bust and never remove it and to also stand in front of everyone on the scaffold in the center of town. She is reminded of her sins because of her daughter who was a result of the affair. She sees her everyday and cherishes every moment she has with her. They try to take Pearl away but Hester will not allow them to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dimmesdale has also committed adultery with Hester. As a result he is forced to keep this secret deep with in. His punishments are for it to eat him alive and slowly tear away at his heart until he is actually dead. He knew what he did is wrong he just could not tell anyone because he was ashamed of it, but this is not saying that he's not in love with Hester because that's why it happened. That is his second punishment being denied the wish of spending the rest of their lives together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chillingworth committed the worst sin out of all of them. He wanted to get back at Dimmesdale so he was trying to commit revenge. In fact his punishment for this was watching Dimmesdale dye but not by any fault of his own but by the secret he had kept from everyone else. Chillingworth fate was to dye knowing what happened and be able to do anything about it because he is a cold-hearted evil man.

Power of Active Directory in Windows Server 2003 Essay

In order to understand the concept of active directory first lets take a look at directory service. Directory Service is a service which stores information of using and managing different objects of network at a centralized point. Those objects include printing servers, file servers, printers; fax servers etc . The directory service stores all of the information regarding the resources and at the same time provides mechanism of easy access to the resources’ information for the users. Active directory is also a directory service in windows server 2003 which stores information about the netwrok resources and about the services that make this information available to the users. Now let’s look at the power and key features of active directory in windows server 2003:  ·Multiple selections of directory objects: We can change the common attributes of many users at the one time.  ·Drag-and-drop functionality: You just need to drag and drop the directory objects from one container to another in order to move them  ·Efficient search capabilities: The object oriented searching facility provides efficient search minimizing the traffic on the network.  ·Saved queries: The active directory queries can be saved, exported, reopened and refreshed, and the results of the attributed queries can also be exported.  ·Active Directory command-line tools: A number of command line tools are available to manage the active directory. Those tools are Ntdsutil, Dsget, Dsrm, Dsmod, Csvde, Dsadd, Dsquery, Dsmove and Ldifde.  · Domain functional levels :Active directory’s domain wide features in your network can be enable using domain functional levels.  ·Forest functional levels: The Active directory’s forest wide features in your network can also be now enabled using forest functional levels.  ·Secure All Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) traffic:   All Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) traffic is signed and encrypted by Active directory’s administrative tools, by default. It ensures that the data is not corrupted and that it is coming from the known source.  ·Active directory quota: With Active directory quota, the ownership of objects by a user, computer or group can be limited by assigning quotas.  ·New Group Policy settings: more than 200 group policy setting are included in windows server 2003‘s active directory.  ·New Resultant Set Of Policy (RSoP) Wizard is included which enables you to check the policies assigned to a specific user or computer.  ·Folder redirection is also made very easy.  ·Advanced options for software installation are available, which makes installation process easy and administration effective.  ·InetOrgPerson class has been added to enhance the security and it can be used in the same way as the user class is used.  ·Cross forest support is also provided.  ·The Software Restriction Policies that are included can identify unwanted or hostile soft wares and hence will not let them execute on the computer. But this requires that the system is either being run on Microsoft Windows XP Professional or on a family member of Windows Server 2003.  ·Domain controller renaming: The domain controllers, without demoting, can now be renamed with the active directory of windows server 2003.As well as the domain name can now also be renamed with this.  ·In the domain hierarchy, the domains can be moved from one location to another.  ·The two way transitivity can now be extended by creating forest trust.  ·The users’ access of one domain or forest can be allowed, disallowed or given selective access to another domain of forest.  ·Unnecessary objects of the schema can be deactivated  ·In order to link the auxiliary classes to the objects on dynamic bases, extra support is provided.  ·When the partial attribution set is extended , the resulted administrative actions take place; at that time the Tuning global catalog replication is available for preserving global catalog’s state of synchronization All in all the active directory of Windows server 2003 provides a lot of additional features which to facilitate the management, administration and usage of resources in the network. The security additions are also very remarkable and a lot of flexibility is given to the administrator to check and configure different parameters of the network. Other than this some work has also to improve the responsiveness of the network and to cater with the network traffic. Flexibility for moving objects and domains, and for renaming them is also made easy .And with the new policies introduced the access of a user from one domain of forest to another can also be a controlled effectively. Providing these all functionalities and flexibilities to the networks administrators and mangers make their tasks of access controls, security, managing of objects etc very easy. References Spealman, Jill, & Hudson, Kurt (2004). Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Infrastructure. Redmond ,Washington: Microsoft Press. Jones, Don (2003). Windows Server 2003 Weekend Crash course. NewYork: Wiley Publishing Inc..

Meddling with Mettle

Meddling with Mettle Meddling with Mettle Meddling with Mettle By Maeve Maddox Another of Daniel’s great words of the day, mettle, provoked readers’ comments that have in turn prompted me to get into the act. Reader’s Comment 1 Mettle can also mean the â€Å"stuff of which a person is made.† So if I say I’m made of mettle, people won’t think I’m a robot (or, more likely, delusional)? I know that Peter was joking, but I just wanted to point out that although the word means â€Å"the stuff of which a person is made,† to say â€Å"I’m made of mettle† wouldn’t make sense. Most commonly the word mettle is used with a verb like show, test, or prove: Miami proves its mettle in win over Oklahoma Bilo rugby boys show their mettle NCC cadets test their mettle Other idioms with mettle: to be on your mettle:  to be determined to prove that you are good at something, especially in a difficult situation Nancy coach Paul Fischer knows his team must be on their mettle as they seek Study puts stents on their mettle. (in this case an inanimate object is being put on its mettle. Probably not an apt use of the expression.) Here’s a headline that plays on the same pronunciation (and same original meaning) of mettle and metal: Scrap thefts: Cops on their mettle The adjective mettlesome means â€Å"lively, high-spirited, courageous.† . . . M. Epailza, one of our most mettlesome adversaries The word seems to have some specialized meaning for gamers: Copy this simulator to the mettlesome directory†¨Run the Trainer. Start the mettlesome with this trainer.†¨ I certainly can’t figure out what â€Å"mettlesome† is supposed to mean in this paragraph on a gaming site: Buy wow characters, you are ensuring you can freely mettlesome without the hornlike slog. Theres no requirement to intend on the mettlesome an distance early than customary so you can conjoin for eve accounts you can go on at your connatural instance and savor the mettlesome to its flooded possible ness the aforementioned way thousands of others do. INWOWGOLD.COM Reader’s Comment 2 How about one who mettles in someone else’s business to the detriment of the relationship or the business? One meddles in someone else’s business. The usual sense of meddle these days is â€Å"to interfere,† as in these headlines: Building chief tells politicians not to meddle in Olympics Avoid the Temptation to Meddle in Haiti How insurers meddle in your medical care The word meddle comes from French and Latin words meaning â€Å"to mix.† The meaning â€Å"to concern oneself,† usually in a negative sense, dates from 1415. From 1340-1700 it was used as a euphemism for â€Å"to have sexual intercourse.† Shakespeare draws on this meaning in this exchange: Third Servingman: How, sir! do you meddle with my master? Coriolanus: Ay; ‘tis an honester service than to meddle with thy mistress. Coriolanus: IV, 5 Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" The Possessive ApostropheApostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

Hitler Vs Stalin essays

Hitler Vs Stalin essays A villain is known as a scoundrel or a wicked person. These words describe the dictators Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin very precisely. Both men were powerful during their rule, but both also caused immense destruction to their countries. Hitler ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. He turned Germany into a powerful war machine, but also initiated World War II. Whereas, Stalin was a hated man, however, he changed the Soviet Union from an underdeveloped charm, and was cruel even to his closest friends. He could not feel pity, could not take criticism, and never forgave an opponent. Few dictators have demanded such terrible sacrifices from their own people. When arguing who is the greater villain, it is accurate to say that these men are equally evil. This is demonstrated through their rise to power, use of power towards their own people, and to the outside world. After World War I, Germany was a country that was in urgent need of a strong leader. This leader needed to pick up the pieces and turn Germany back into a powerful country that it once was before the war. The conditions in Germany after the war were very depressing. The country was bankrupt, millions of people could not find work, and many were dying of hunger. After the war, Germany was forced to sign the treaty of Versailles. The limited the country to a 100, 00 man army. Germany was stripped of the territory that it had gained throughout ages of battle, and they had to pay huge reparations. Worst of all, Germany was to take full responsibility for the war. This had taken pride and public spirit away from the country. Many political parties were mad at the signing of the treaty. The people who signed this treaty were seen as criminals. During this period, Adolf Hitler was getting involved in politics and slowly began to gain power. He joined a party called the German Worker's Party, later known as the Nazi Party. This group called for the union into one ...

The Visionary Constitution and America

The Visionary Constitution and America Free Online Research Papers In many ways our Constitution is very remarkable. It is visionary, and based on reality and compromise. This visionary document set up rules for government in the 18th century and rules for changing it for government in the future. A lot of the Articles and Amendments in the Constitution deal with the reality of life in America today. The Constitution is based on compromise that protects the rights of the states and the people. It was good for the country when there were only 13 states and it is good for the country now that we have 50 states. And it can change as our country changes. The Constitution is a visionary document because it has a process to change itself for the future. Article 5 says the Constitution can be amended through a two step process. For an Amendment to become part of the Constitution, two things have to happen: Congress or a State Convention has to propose and approve an amendment and three-fourths of the states have to ratify the amendment. The two step process makes it possible to change the Constitution and makes sure that the change is something the majority of the country wants. The writers of the Constitution made sure that the Constitution would be able to change as our country changed so it would last as our nation grew. The Constitution is a document that affects the reality of life. Article 4 requires the US to protect the states from violence and invasion. There have been times when the National Guard has been sent to protect citizens in the states. The New York National Guard was ordered to respond to the Rochester race riot in July of 1964. The California Army National Guard was mobilized during the Watts Riots, in August 1965, to provide security and help restore order. The Ohio Army National Guard was ordered to Kent State University to settle down anti-Vietnam War protests. The National Guard was sent to Little Rock, Arkansas in the 1950’s and the University of Mississippi in the 1960’s to protect individuals trying to integrate the schools there. The National Guard has been used to protect citizens from violence and to prevent violence from happening. The 2nd Amendment protects our right to bear and own guns in our homes. The Supreme Court upheld that right in the 2010 ca se of McDonald vs Chicago and the Castle Law that give us the right to use a gun to protect ourselves and our property also is based on the 2nd Amendment. In 1789 when the colonists met to discuss and create the Constitution, two plans were offered for how the legislative branch should be made up. James Madison presented the Virginia plan which stated that Congress would be made of two chambers and the representation in each chamber would be based on the population of the states. William Paterson came up with the New Jersey Plan which stated Congress would be made of one chamber and the representation would be equal for each state. The Great Compromise set up Congress with two chambers like the Virginia Plan proposed, with the House representation based on population and equal representation in the Senate like the New Jersey Plan proposed. A lot of the states thought that they would have to give up their rights to a strong government set up by the Constitution. The rights of the states and the people were protected in Article 10 which stated that any power not granted to the federal government belongs to the states or to the peopl e. States like California and Florida have been able to pass laws that Congress has not passed such as Jessica’s Law which increased the punishment for sex offenders. Proposition 8, the November 2008 California law that bans same sex marriages and the Arizona immigration law are two more examples of states passing individual laws for their states. The states’ right to do so is protected under Article 10. Even before the Constitution was completed it was based on compromise. The Constitution is visionary because even though it was written during the 18th century, it was written so that it could be good for the future. Through the rough times the Constitution creates a great government based on compromise. The Constitution deals with the reality of our everyday lives because it touches the lives of every American in some way: requiring the Government to protect us from violence, giving us the right to own guns in our homes for protection, giving states rights that the federal government does not have. The Constitution is remarkable because it will never be out of date. Our Constitution changes as our nation changes. 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Obstructions to culturally competent medical care Research Paper

Obstructions to culturally competent medical care - Research Paper Example According to the study conducted the discrepancy in the existing health system and admittance to medical care facilities that subsist amid the minority sections of the population of United States has been accepted as a familiar problem by the government since the early 1970s. Due to its effect, there has been a lot of research done on this issue and it has been documented in reports that the American minority section is suffering from poorer health due to lack of cultural competency in medical care. For a majority of the ethnic groups, the debate on the cultural equation of health care cannot take place without giving ample consideration to the variety of ways in which traditions crisscross with matters of poverty and impartiality, access to health care, individual and community discrimination, and a deficit of cultural proficiency on the part of health care providers. Even though some system-wide obstructions to a proper health care system are well thought-out elsewhere, they also r equire extraordinary thoughtfulness with the majority of the ethnic minority sections because the concerns are elevated by the cultural dynamics. The urgent requirement to reflect on the cultural and traditional factors that impediment the medical care of the minorities has been identified by many countries around the globe. Yet most of these governments are not at all close to solving the problem of cultural incompetency of medical providers. , (Shortell, Hull, 1996) The main reason is that most of the time, a patient’s tradition is habitually perceived as a setback, which ultimately creates a barricade to providing effective medical care. Marginalization of traditions and culture of the minority groups of the ethnic patients diminishes the accountability of the medical care providers. The medical care could be more efficient in dealing with this; the problem should be seen in a different light and screening the obstructions as ensuing not from the cultures of the minority g roups but from the values that exist in the medical community, inadequate proficient training, and other barriers. Some experts of the field also argue that the medical community has been highly unsuccessful in this case, and has not been able to identify their own responsibilities of effectively attending to providing competent service to their ethic and other minority clients and patients, (Gordon, 1995). 2. OBSTRUCTIONS TO CULTURALLY COMPETENT MEDICAL CARE This section of the paper identifies some known barriers amid the patients and the medical care providers that have made a high influence on the quality of the service provided and at the same time supplement to added racial and ethnic disparities in the medical health care system. 1. Lack of Diversity amongst the Medical Care Providers and Workforce Experts on the issue concerning lack of a culturally competent medical care have often stated their worries about the lack of a diverse leadership potential in the health care sect or. The minority population holds up an effectual 29% of the total population percentage of United States but fare poorer in the employment sector. Not more than 3 percent of the minority communities hold positions in medical school faculties; approximately only 12 percent hold positions in a community health school, and 18 percent in all metropolis and province health executives. Moreover, 98 percent of the senior executives in health care management belong to the white community. These figures exercise major concern because if there would have been a higher percentage of minority health care professional in the system, they would be able to identify, recognize and take into account the socio-cultural factors that adversely affect the medical acre treatment being given to the minorities and could have better organized health care delivery decisions to meet the requirements of minority populations, (Reese, Ahern, Nair, et al., 1999). 2. Poor and inefficient medical care systems for Ethnically Diverse Patients Many experts have pointed out on the lack of proper medical care syst

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reflection Paper - Essay Example This paired with the fact that the children that I work with have special needs makes it more challenging. I have a particular female autistic student who is 13 years of age. She is non-verbal and she is constantly hitting anyone who she is able to reach. Her hitting actions are usually around the time when is going to go through her menstrual period. She may not be aware of her menstrual cycles and she may not be able to control her actions but she does aggressively hinder those close to her. Given all of the information that I know about special needs students, autism, and mandated regulations, I am still in a position of wanting to do more. It is obviously not easy to work with her or with the other students with special needs. I feel at times that I have to be divided in many parts while imparting classroom teaching, meeting standards, and being attentive that they do not commit self injuries and/or injure others. This has been a â€Å"schooling† process for me. I enjoy my work. I want to help all of the students that I am in close contact that are special needs students. I believe in the No Child Left Behind Act because these students need to have equal opportunities in their educational stages. It is, however, over cumbersome. This will not deter me from continuing to work with special needs students. This is a constant daily challenge to be able to service those in needs and that have their rights to obtain an

HealthCare IT Executive Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HealthCare IT Executive Interview - Essay Example In order to develop comprehensive understanding of healthcare informatics and the role that the field plays in the health sector, I took time to interact with and interview a professional in the field. I carried out an interview with one hospital based healthcare (IT) information technology executive from Baylor University Medical Centre-Jason Baron. Interview Specifics Interviewer: As an IT Executive in this hospital could you briefly describe your role and job description? IT Executive: My role specifically entails liaising with the house staff, medical staff and different patient care departments with an aim of designing, developing, planning, implementing, maintaining, evaluating and upgrading clinical systems, which mainly include medical records. I coordinate my teams’ analysis of clinical operations and structural processes so as to facilitate decision-making in clinical operations. As a team, we also determine clinical functions, which need incorporation into computer systems. Interviewer: Your description is a little skewed and greatly highlights the technical aspect, but I would like to know whether you have any legal or clinical research role mandated by the description of your job? IT Executive: Yes, in addition to the more technical roles, I also have to ensure that the developed system is consistent with legal regulations and professional standards of accreditation and practice. The legal aspect is important in systems security, especially; with the development of HIPPA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act). Additionally, researchers often seek information from our team for research purposes, and the collected information serves as an important base for building evidence-based clinical practice. Interviewer: Therefore, it could be said that your role entails more than just computers? IT Executive: Yes, of course. Informatics within the health sector entails more than just dealing with computers, but also medical technical la nguage, clinical guidelines, laws, regulations and IT communication systems as well. Interviewer: The medical field is wide, and I would like to know whether there are specific areas or departments, where your services are necessary than others? IT Executive: Healthcare is pervaded with information use and creation. As such, it would not be appropriate to say that there are departments that need our services more than others. In actual sense, all departments require our services be it for billing purposes, prescription, and research or policy formulation. In fact, be sure to find an element of informatics in any health department. Interviewer: What would you say is the importance of healthcare informatics for the future of the health sector? IT Executive: Firstly, instituting appropriate information systems facilitates faster coordination, decision-making and smooth service delivery. Secondly, it presents significant optimism with regard to service delivery in the health sector, esp ecially; in relation to error reduction. The World Health Organization and the Institute of Medicine have both expressed concern about the significant harm caused by different medication errors including treatment and diagnostic errors (WHO, 2012; IOM, 2006). The use of computers and information systems has shown that they can bring about significant reduction in errors and improve care. Additionally, Rothschild (2011), states that computers and

Law Enforcement Liability Issues Research Paper

Law Enforcement Liability Issues - Research Paper Example Officer’s not only protect and serve the public; at times they themselves need protection from liability law suits and claims. Individuals not happy with the outcomes of an action may file suit just to ease frustrations and to gain a sense of control over a situation. Officers are provided some protection with the Police Manual of Arrest, Seizure, and Interrogation, designed to assist an officer in making a correct decision in most circumstances and protect from liability claims. Further protection is provided to officers individually, holding departments financially responsible, by the Crown Liability Act. Finally the BC offense act states what specific offenses can be legally used in a court of law against an officer. Body Being a law enforcement officer takes more than just training. Common sense and compassion for the public are also incredibly important. In order to succeed in dealing with the people and the numerous challenges that they face every day, a law enforcement officer needs a specific type of personality. This particular personality is a combination of the above things, common sense being right there at the top of the list. Liability issues and concerns are faced not only by law enforcement officers, but by everyone, all the time. Even though there are a variety of different types of law enforcement in this day and age, their risk of liability issues remain the same. That is where training, government law, and personality come in handy for all individuals involved. The first thing people need to learn about liability is this: What is it? According to Oxford, liability is ‘being liable; troublesome person or thing; handicap; debts for which one is liable.’ (Oxford University Press,1995). Liable, according to Oxford is ‘legally bound; subject to; under an obligation; exposed or open to; answerable for.’(Oxford University Press,1995). In translation, liability means that one needs to answer for what they have done. Every action or reaction has a consequence, and the individual who made the action needs to own up to the consequence that goes with it. For example, if Officer A punched Drunk Driver 1 in the face because Drunk Driver 1 refused to get out of the car, Officer A would be liable for that action. In other words, Officer A would have to own up to and pay the consequence of his/her action, likely in a court of law. The opposite of this scenario would be if Drunk Driver 1 punched Officer A in the face, then proceeded to state that he had been punched in the face by Officer A. Drunk Driver 1 would then be responsible for what he/she had done in a court of law. Whether an officer is on duty or off, they must reflect their actions with reason. There has to be a good, liable reason for them to do what they do. The Use of Force Continuum is an important tool for law enforcement officers around the world. It is an important guide that has the ability to dictate what an appropriate action for th e officer is under any given circumstances. This continuum is often used in a court of law by lawyers, and even by the officers themselves. It is a direct, easy to follow guideline. The Use of Force Continuum is built in a circular pattern. At the start there is ‘Officer Presence’, and at the end there is ‘Lethal Force’. ‘It promotes a continuous assessment and evaluation of each situation, and helps officers understand and make use of a variety of force options to respond to potentially violent situations.’

Strategy in Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategy in Action - Essay Example Based on the situations that face the managements, it is essential for the managers to emulate an organizational style that effectively meets the needs of their company. Some of the notable organizational styles includes pre-bureaucratic, bureaucratic, functional, divisional and post-bureaucratic. Strategic management on the other hand, involves systematic collection of all the processes undertaken by a firm and aligning them with the vision and the mission of an organization. This aim of this paper is to indicate that organizational structure must be considered as part of strategic management. According to Nag et al (2007) there are three major processes that are involved in strategy formation. These include situation and competitor analysis, setting objectives and implementing the objectives. After a strategy is formed, it undergoes evaluation process that involves all the aspects of a strategy the affect an organization. Additionally, the suitability and the feasibility of the str ategy are determined by use of the available or new human resources. During the stage of strategic implementation, three key steps are involved. The first one is organizing. Organizing entails making organizational as well as functional changes to ensure that factors that will led to the success of a strategy are put on board. The second step is resourcing. During the resourcing stage, the management comes up with the budget and the capital expenditure as well as the human resources responsible for overseeing the implementation of the strategy. Organizational strategy entails the plan that indicates how an organization will utilize the available resources to achieve the preset goals. It is vital to note that for any firm to be successful, it should come up with a vision and mission as well as objectives that are smart, measurable, accurate, realistic and timely. For any company to achieve its plans, it is essential for managers to ensure that both the structure and the strategy are combined together. Most importantly, any strategy that is undertaken by an organization must be divided into smaller tasks that are allocated to each of the employees based on their skills and the experience. In the contemporary business atmosphere, most of the firms aim at improving efficiency, creating synergy, enhancing strong team work and reducing the total organization costs by revising their structures. Even though this is achievable in most cases, it is not always possible (Heckscher and Donnellon, 1994). As earlier mentioned, for any strategy to be implemented, it should be evaluated. Companies that lack skilled personnel to undertake strategic implementation and evaluation have an option of hiring qualified personnel to undertake the process. Alternatively, the managers can hire the services of consultants who are experts in the filed of strategic management and leadership. In the two scenarios, there must be changes in the structure of human resources department to avoid conflict of goals. Connection between a strategy and structure Essentially, organizational structure is not the organization chart that depicts the flow of authority but it entails the people, position, technology and procedures that make up the organization. Most importantly, a structure indicates how all pieces and the procedures works or does not work together. This implies that it is vital for the structure to be

Analysis of a Job Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Analysis of a Job - Research Paper Example The Marketing Manager is responsible to develop and maintain marketing strategies in order to achieve the agreed company objectives. The responsibility includes evaluation of customer research, market condition, competitor data and take decision of altering the marketing plans as required. The Marketing Manager role involves overseeing all marketing, advertising and promotional staffs and activities. Should have the ability to build trust, communicate effectively, drive execution, foster the culture of innovation, focus on timely delivery of products to customers, collaborative in nature, creatively solving problems and demonstrate high integrity. It necessary for the on boarded Marketing Manager to undergo certain company specific on boarding activities and training in order to know more about the company. There would be a 4 week on boarding program for the Marketing Manager where the candidate would be undergoing training from the supervisor, peers and if possible from the subordinates in the job function. First one week of the on boarding training would include the company culture and nature of the business of the company. The second week would comprise of the getting to know about the team and the team members with whom the Marketing Manager would work. The third week will be focused on learning the business strategies and the methods by which the company generally operates the business along with the current customers and clientele. Finally fourth week would be the on the job training where the Marketing Manager is expected to as per the learning of past three weeks. This is a compulsory training that the new Marketing m anager needs to undergo in order to start the work in the company. The Annual compensation package for the position is $85,528 with $5578 as the annual performance bonus. The Marketing Manager position is entitled to receive many other benefits, which include Social Security, 401K/403B value benefits, disability

Law Enforcement Liability Issues Research Paper

Law Enforcement Liability Issues - Research Paper Example Officer’s not only protect and serve the public; at times they themselves need protection from liability law suits and claims. Individuals not happy with the outcomes of an action may file suit just to ease frustrations and to gain a sense of control over a situation. Officers are provided some protection with the Police Manual of Arrest, Seizure, and Interrogation, designed to assist an officer in making a correct decision in most circumstances and protect from liability claims. Further protection is provided to officers individually, holding departments financially responsible, by the Crown Liability Act. Finally the BC offense act states what specific offenses can be legally used in a court of law against an officer. Body Being a law enforcement officer takes more than just training. Common sense and compassion for the public are also incredibly important. In order to succeed in dealing with the people and the numerous challenges that they face every day, a law enforcement officer needs a specific type of personality. This particular personality is a combination of the above things, common sense being right there at the top of the list. Liability issues and concerns are faced not only by law enforcement officers, but by everyone, all the time. Even though there are a variety of different types of law enforcement in this day and age, their risk of liability issues remain the same. That is where training, government law, and personality come in handy for all individuals involved. The first thing people need to learn about liability is this: What is it? According to Oxford, liability is ‘being liable; troublesome person or thing; handicap; debts for which one is liable.’ (Oxford University Press,1995). Liable, according to Oxford is ‘legally bound; subject to; under an obligation; exposed or open to; answerable for.’(Oxford University Press,1995). In translation, liability means that one needs to answer for what they have done. Every action or reaction has a consequence, and the individual who made the action needs to own up to the consequence that goes with it. For example, if Officer A punched Drunk Driver 1 in the face because Drunk Driver 1 refused to get out of the car, Officer A would be liable for that action. In other words, Officer A would have to own up to and pay the consequence of his/her action, likely in a court of law. The opposite of this scenario would be if Drunk Driver 1 punched Officer A in the face, then proceeded to state that he had been punched in the face by Officer A. Drunk Driver 1 would then be responsible for what he/she had done in a court of law. Whether an officer is on duty or off, they must reflect their actions with reason. There has to be a good, liable reason for them to do what they do. The Use of Force Continuum is an important tool for law enforcement officers around the world. It is an important guide that has the ability to dictate what an appropriate action for th e officer is under any given circumstances. This continuum is often used in a court of law by lawyers, and even by the officers themselves. It is a direct, easy to follow guideline. The Use of Force Continuum is built in a circular pattern. At the start there is ‘Officer Presence’, and at the end there is ‘Lethal Force’. ‘It promotes a continuous assessment and evaluation of each situation, and helps officers understand and make use of a variety of force options to respond to potentially violent situations.’

Analysis of a Job Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Analysis of a Job - Research Paper Example The Marketing Manager is responsible to develop and maintain marketing strategies in order to achieve the agreed company objectives. The responsibility includes evaluation of customer research, market condition, competitor data and take decision of altering the marketing plans as required. The Marketing Manager role involves overseeing all marketing, advertising and promotional staffs and activities. Should have the ability to build trust, communicate effectively, drive execution, foster the culture of innovation, focus on timely delivery of products to customers, collaborative in nature, creatively solving problems and demonstrate high integrity. It necessary for the on boarded Marketing Manager to undergo certain company specific on boarding activities and training in order to know more about the company. There would be a 4 week on boarding program for the Marketing Manager where the candidate would be undergoing training from the supervisor, peers and if possible from the subordinates in the job function. First one week of the on boarding training would include the company culture and nature of the business of the company. The second week would comprise of the getting to know about the team and the team members with whom the Marketing Manager would work. The third week will be focused on learning the business strategies and the methods by which the company generally operates the business along with the current customers and clientele. Finally fourth week would be the on the job training where the Marketing Manager is expected to as per the learning of past three weeks. This is a compulsory training that the new Marketing m anager needs to undergo in order to start the work in the company. The Annual compensation package for the position is $85,528 with $5578 as the annual performance bonus. The Marketing Manager position is entitled to receive many other benefits, which include Social Security, 401K/403B value benefits, disability

Highlanders bakery Essay Example for Free

Highlanders bakery Essay 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM Highlanders bakery is situated in Mafeteng. In the Bedco complex, block D. Its owner is TSL Mokhosi, he formed it in the year 2000. Its main task is to supply the schools and local retailers with fresh bread. Its open to the public too. They mainly buy the confectionary (Chelsea buns, muffins etc). The bakery employs a total of 9 people, 3 cashiers and the rest do the cooking. They have been divided into three shifts. There are also additional staff members. One of the local schools sends some of the students who have graduated. Their numbers vary and when they do arrive their divided accordingly. The bakery pays their expenses. The current problem is in the accounts. They use a manual system whereby, the cashiers write down the appropriate information (that days profits, losses etc). Things like receipts and invoices are put into cabinets. The owner just realized that theres a problem this year when LRA (Lesotho Revenue Authority) implemented its plans to make all the businesses in Lesotho to pay tax for all the years they didnt. The first problem is that some of the information that the cashiers have recorded is found to be unrealistic. The receipts when added up make a different total from the ones in the books. Now from this information different conclusions can be archived. The cashiers might be stealing stock and putting down the wrong information on purpose. The other staff members maybe the ones stealing the receipts to enable theft. Maybe the cabinets are not a secure place to store the receipts. 1.2 LIST OF OBJECTIVES To tackle the above problems I shall create a database. The database will be only accessed by the authorized employees (the manager and the cashiers). I shall make sure that the appropriate people access the database by inserting passwords which their familiar with, (I shall also suggest that they change them frequently). All the arriving stock shall be recorded on the database. I shall also include things such as staff records and how much theyre paid. Further more the students too will be included in the database and their expenses will be properly recorded. It shall have space for the days results, (how much bread, confectionary was baked, how much of it was wasted and how much was sold, etc). It shall also show all the weeks expenses, such as water and electricity bills. Then it shall automatically add everything up, showing how much was made that month and how much of it is profit. 1.3 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING SOLUTION The cashiers write down all of the days proceeds in a big book. All the staff members can access this because its necessary for them to write down their names when they arrive for their shifts. The receipts are simply thrown into cabinets and not properly stored and recorded. When the owner saw that this method is not properly functioning he decided that he should personally call every day after the bakery is closed and be told all of the days proceeds. He then records them secretly. The owners wife then checks all this data in the book every 6 months if the written data is realistic she approves them. If not she then takes the money that is short from the managers and cashiers salaries. Thats the way the data is processed and corrected but this method only applies for when money is missing and not stock. EVALUATION OF EXISTING SOLUTION (1.4) The existing solution is not that effective. When the owner calling does not prevent the staff members from stealing it only makes them cover their tracks, (destroy the invoices received for stock and not to write about them in the volume). The checking of the information by the owners wife only concentrates on the theft of money by the cashiers and the manager. The cabinets are quite ineffective because all have access to it. Malicious employees can gain unauthorized to the receipts, or the staff members can enable theft by making some of the receipts disappear. DESCRIPTION OF OTHER POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS (1.5) The bakery may upgrade is manual system. First thing they should do is use one book to keep all the records for the year in one book. This will help because finding records will be easier when their all located in one place. Locks maybe installed on the cabinets and the key given to the head cashier. This will help because it will prevent unauthorized personnel from accessing the record book and the receipts. The head cashier should be the only allowed to use the record book. This will help because there will be only one person who is responsible for the records thus reducing any theft. My solution, the bakery should be computerized. All the receipts and invoices will be entered using a scanner. All the records will be entered with a standard keyboard. The computer will be secured using physical means and a password will be entered on the computer. The key and password will be known and possessed by the cashiers only. Using the Internet the owner will be able to see all the records for the day and send any queries back to the cashier via email. EVALUATION OF OTHER POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS (1.6) Upgrading the manual system Advantages Disadvantages -It is cost effective the only materials that need to be bought are a book and some locks -Finding records will be faster than the old system unlike in the old system the records are all kept in one book -Receipts and invoices will be secure because the cabinets shall be locked properly with padlocks -It does not give any solution on how to prevent incorrect data from being entered -They work in shifts so the head cashier doesnt come on some days and thus access to the stock book cannot only limited to the head cashier Computerizing the bakery Advantages Disadvantages -The owner has access to daily records via email this means that it will cost less than when he had to call daily to access records -The records can be stored on the owners computer this is a more secure place than the cabinets -The computer automatically checks the data meaning that extreme and abnormal data will be automatically rejected -The computer is more secure than the cabinets because it will be equipped with a password and the same physical security used for the cabinets -It is expensive the bakery has to buy all the hardware requirements as well as the software -Employees need training to operate a computer because they only know how to operate the till 2.1 Plan Date Objective Description 01/09/05 Creation of the new database Microsoft access will be the chosen database. 07/09/05 Entering passwords The passwords are essential for security purposes. e.g. the other staff members will not be able to access any information stored. 17/09/05 Installation Introducing the new system to the necessary staff members. E.g. the new passwords. 2.2 Method of solution I have used Microsoft access to create a database. In the database I have included a couple of tables to enable the safe storage of data. An example is the suppliers table that has all the necessary details of the suppliers, and how they can be contacted. The staff members shall have access to accurate information, which has not been tempered. They shall take little time to access the table on the computer. The computer shall have a password that only allows authorized personnel to enter. The information shall never be lost. 2.3 Hardware requirements ITEM TYPE USE CPU Dell The central processing unit Keyboard, mouse, monitor Used to input and output data CD-Rom, floppy drive and flash drive Used to store and transfer data 2.4 Software requirements Item Use Windows Xp/Me/2000 Operating system Microsoft access The database Microsoft word All the typing 3.1 Test strategy -I intend to test that all the relationships are functioning properly -I shall test that all the data I have entered is correct (abnormal data and extreme) -I shall also test that it notifies the user if the entered wrong information 3.2 Test results All the relationships are working exceptionally (this will help the user not to encounter any problems whilst using the system) There are no errors on the data that I have already entered (the user needs the correct information in order to work fast, smart and effortlessly) It does notify the user when the data is of the wrong type (this will make processing easier) Extreme data Abnormal data 4.1 Technical documentation -Relationships are made to reduce errors that may occur whilst data is transferred. There are only two. All that the user has to do is open the relationships page and they shall be able to do, as they like. -Tables, to improve the tables all that needs to be done is the user to go the design page. Click on the appropriate field all the setting s shall be displayed. Note the validation rules and texts. -Forms and Reports have also been created. To alter them all the user has to do is go to the design page and they shall be able to alter the form or the report. 4.2 User documentation To use this system the user needs certain hardware and software Hardware CPU, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse and a printer. Software Windows xp/me/2000 The user shall be provided with a CD that has the database in it. The user should open the CD and store the database on the computer. The user should load access The user should open the file The user shall see a list of tables that are accessible, and then enter the appropriate one How to enter data The user will have to use the keyboard Its important that the user proofreads the data entered How to process and output The user is only required to enter data, when the accountant arrives after six months the user should print all the tables that are needed by the accountant to do their job. How to prevent problems The user must not delete anything except the data that they enter thats incorrect. 5.1 Evaluation The database has all the needs that are mentioned in the objectives. Firstly it has provides a secure place to store data, because it cannot be lost. Secondly the database can only be accessed by the necessary personnel, there is a password that has been installed. Another advantage is that it prevents wrong data such as extreme data from being entered. It also has information to enable easy reordering, the correct details of suppliers and a table for how much stock is present. Employee records are also available this feature is for the accountants use only. The database will also collect daily sales that shall all be given to the accountant without it being changed by any other malicious employee. Future improvements/developments The system can be further improved by enabling automatic reordering via the Internet. The system in future can utilize a barcode reader to enter the stock into the database. The database can calculate how much money must be accumulated from the amount of stock bought. The system maybe enabled to operate all the cooking equipment, e.g. if connected to the oven it will have a set time of how long bread should be cooked at what temperature it should cook the bread at. When the workers turn up for their shifts they may use smart card and the computer will record what time they came in and went out all they have to do is swipe.

Home Appliances To The Countryside Social Policy Essay

Home Appliances To The Countryside Social Policy Essay The home appliance industry in China has mainly focused on exporting to European and America markets. It generally achieved double-digit growth in years before 2008. However, the export market is withering in recent year. The export of household appliances and electronic products last year recorded only a 3% increase and contribute to 72.5 billion U.S. dollars in 2008 (Xinhua News, 2009). For example, Chinas export value of color TV sets had annually dropped by 18.4 in the first quarter of 2008, came to 1.67 billion U.S. dollars (Customs of China, 2009). Foreseeing such a declining trend, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Commerce of the Peoples Republic of China had introduced a pilot project for rural residents in December 2007. Such pilot project was called home appliances to the countryside program which is a subsidy policy on electronic home appliances for rural areas. The trail was to be held in three provinces (Shandong, Henan and Sichuan) and one city (Qingdao) by o ffering rural residents a 13% subsidy on consuming the selected three categories (televisions, refrigerators and mobile phones) of home appliances items. At present, the current level of utilization of home appliances in Chinese rural areas is only equivalent to that of the urban areas at the late 1980s (China Research and Intelligence Co., 2009). Every 100 Chinese rural households possess the number of color TVs, washing machines, cell phones and refrigerators only 2/3, 1/2, 1/2 and 1/4 respectively of the of urban households. The asymmetric information between the rural resident and the electronic home appliance industry results in adverse selection. This situation imposed the market failure as promoting electronic home appliances to rural areas. Hence, the subsidy policy of electronic home appliances for rural areas can be regarded as a policy support by the government in order to promote electronic home appliances and, thus drive a long-term structural change when encouraging manufacturers to design rural use products (Credit Suisse, 2009). In the third quarter of 2008, the risk of second mortgage in the United State provoked the global financial tsunami. Due to the eruption of the global financial tsunami, the global economy is in recession and the export of China suffered a great loss. Moreover, when the financial crisis has plunged the world into recession, protectionism in the globe market has been on the rise. According to a recent World Bank study, from October 2008 to February 2009, forty seven trade-restricting measures were implemented (E. Gamberoni and R. Newfarmer, 2009). While the authority had paid attention on the rising tide of trade protectionism and recession of export market, by the way of the primary success of the pilot project and the first extension of the program in the December 2008, the government announced thehome appliances to the countryside program would be extended into a national wide scale in February 2009 (Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 2008). According to the notice, the government aims to boost domestic demand to secure economic growth, improve living standard of the countrys rural population, boost domestic consumption and stimulate the industrial production growth through the program extension. Such national wide subsidy policy covers the entire rural areas in the nation with nine categories of home electronic appliance items. Significances and aims of this study: After the extension of the home appliances to the countryside program in February 2009, it nationally targeted to the entire rural residents. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the population of rural residents is 7.2 hundred million approximately, which is 55.06% of the population of China (National Bureau of Statistics, 2008). With this large numbers of target participants, how the program to promote and implement rests on the government and the electronic home appliances industries. The Chinese Premier, Wen Jiabao, has commented on the Chinas stimulus package. According to his speech, the Chinas stimulus package is designed to both sustain economic growth and improve peoples livelihood. Policies related to affecting peoples well-being are given priority to allocate public resources (Embassy of China in the US, 2009). Namely, the authority regards the subsidy policy a crucial strategy to increase domestic demand and secure the economic growth under the current economy circumstance and also a policy that also aims to improve the living standard of the rural residents. Ministry of Commerce estimates that the home appliances to the countryside program will boost domestic consumption and achieves RMB 150 billion in the first year and totally boost RMB 920 billion at the end of the program. However, compare with the approximate RMB 150 billion rural spending, the proportion is relatively small. During the first ten month of 2009, the national sales of the subsidy prog ram was 2787.8 units which accounted for RMB 5.08 billion. Within this period, the sales figure record a continued dropping in August and September while the sales in August was around RMB 7.6 billion, and it was as low as RMB 6.2 billion in September. (Peoples Daily, 2009). It was the first time of a continued two months sales decline from the RMB 8.8 billion sales in the July. These figures reveal that the outcome of the subsidy program is not able to meet the original approximation. This indicated the original estimation is too optimistic and overvalues the participations of rural residents. The subsidy policy is a comprehensive strategy involving large numbers of rural residents and large amount of money. The participants of the rural residents are the key fundamental of the subsidy policy. Rural residents will not blindly consume what the electronic home appliance industry put on the market despite there is a 13% subsidy from the government. They have their concerns and evaluations to the policy. This study mainly focuses on the home appliances to the countryside program after February 2009 and its aims to analysis the relationship among the government, the electronic home appliance industry and rural residents. For the government, the program is to boost domestic consumption in the rural area to secure economic growth. For the electronic home appliance manufacturers, they aim to gain benefits. For the rural residents, they consider to improve their living standard after purchasing the electronic home appliances through a subsided price. By studying their different purposes to participate in the program, I will try to conclude some suggestion to enhance the efficiency of the home appliances to the countryside program since the outcome is not satisfied with the assumed estimation. Literature review: Home appliances to the countryside program The English translation as home appliances to the countryside program was officially used in the government and media in China. The program first started as a pilot project on three provinces and one city in December 2007. After holding the pilot project for one year, in December 2008, phrase one of the home appliances to the countryside program which extended its area to a total of 14 provinces, directly controlled municipalities and autonomous regions was started. At last, in the February 2009, the program extends to entire rural areas in the nation and to subsidize the rural residents in nine categories of electronic home appliances (color TV sets, refrigerators, mobile phones, washing machines, air conditioners, water heaters, computers, microwave ovens and electromagnetic cookers). The program will last for four years to 2012 and rural residents were entitled to a 13% subsidy on purchasing the selected electronic home appliances (limited within two units in each category). Since this subsidy program targeted the rural residents, only those with rural residency qualify for the subsidies. According to regulations of operating the home appliances to the countryside program, a price limit was set on each category. (For example, color TV set RMB3500, refrigerators RMB2500, mobile phone RMB1000, washing machines RMB2000, etc). The original purpose to set up such limit is to ensure items are affordable to the rural residents. However, this limit was regarded as one of the factors that hinder to achieve the approximate rural expenditure. The home appliances to countryside program has been running for more than ten months since February 2009 and different kinds of statistics were announced. According to the Ministry of Commerce, there are 17 home electronic appliances companies which has accumulated sales over 100 million and they include Haier, Gree, Midea, Skyworth, Konka, TCL, Lenovo, etc. Among these companies, Haier is the enterprise which benefits the most from subsidy program and has the highest accumulated sales figures of RMB 8.6 billion during the past 10 months. However, there are still 14 companies out of 348 which show fragmenting sales while another 17 enterprises sold less than 10 units (Minister of Commerce 2009). Indicators of quality of live As mentioned earlier in this study, the subsidy program in also a social welfare program. This policy supports the rural residents to buy electronic home appliances in order to improve their life standard. David E. Bloom, Patricia H. Craig and Pia N. Malaney in their study concluded several indicators to evaluate quality of life. They are nutrition, health, education, income, gender equality, fertility, political, civil, and economic freedom, environmental quality, access to infrastructure, and access to information. Televisions and mobile phone convenience their life and also provide a channel for them to gain information. Manufactures are required to add special functions which are fit to use in rural environment. The models of mobile phone which selected in the program are required to enhance the signal accessing ability where signal from network operators in rural environment are instability. In the long run, the purpose of the subsidy program is guiding the manufactures to set up production line for rural markets. As a result, when the program ends in 2012, the subsidy program is expected to motivate the production of the electronic home appliances sector, meanwhile, stimulate the industrial structure development. Consumption behavior in rural areas The home appliances to the countryside program is a strategy to boost domestic consumption by encouraging the rural residents to consume more. By understanding the consumption behavior of the rural residents, the government can estimate their reflection and hence the efficiency of policies can be guaranteed. Since there are various hierarchy of need, people would use their income to buy the basic survival resources as their priority while the development products would be subsequent and following by the leisure goods (W.H. Wong, 1999). In other words, there is a sequence of consuming. W. Guo concluded the basic sequence of expanding spending of rural residents in his study (W. Guo 1998). It is: reproduction goods, housing, and education for theyounger generation, transportation, electronic home appliances, and commodities. Under this sequence of consuming, we can predict the consumption behavior of rural households. Basically, personal disposable income minus personal saving is personal consumption expenditure (N. Gregory Manki, 2004). Therefore, personal disposable income becomes one of the factors that affect personal consumption expenditure. Wong in his study indicated that, the consumption power and intention to spend are different in different level of household income. Rural households of high level income prefer to consume to increase living standard. On the contrast, rural households of low income level trend to fulfill basic need because of constraining by the limed of income. When the rural residents can fulfill their basic need, they who are mobilized by the subsidy program are able to consume the electronic home appliances. Insecurity income source due to deficient in land use According to the World Bank, 90% of poverty is still rural excluding migrant workers from the rural population (World Bank, 2009). Although per capital net income of rural households has been being steady rising these years, the income gap between the urban and rural has also grown. According to the National Bureau of Statistic, in 2007 the per capital annual net income of urban households is around RMB 14908, meanwhile, the per capital annual net income of rural households is around RMB 4140, which is only 27.7% of the urban households (National Bureau of Statistic, 2008). Moreover, the rural households does not feel a sense of security on their income source since they only have use rights to but do not own the land themselves. In addition, the long-term investment in land is demotivated because of the insecurity of use rights (Jacoby H., Li G., Rozelle, S., 2002). Because of the consumption expenditure related to the personal income, in income of rural households are not security, they prefer to savings rather than consumption. It can be regarded one of the factors that demoviated the rural residents to participate in the home appliance to countryside program. Coverage of Social Security is low in rural areas According to China Social Security Annual Bulletin, in 2007, there were nearly 476 million people in Chinas rural labor force. However, in that year, the numbers of workers contributed to the old age pension system was fewer than 52 million and only 11 percent of the rural labor force was covered by the scheme (Y. Yang, J.B. Williamson, C. Shen, 2009). Scholars conclude the old age pension system does not have reliable source of financing, and full of problems of funds embezzlement and is low benefits (I. Nielsen, C. Nyland, R. Smyth, M.Q. Zhang and C. J. Zhu, 2005). Since they do not and are not force to contribute to the old age pension. The rural residents rely on their savings as their risk protection. As a result, the attraction to the rural residents of the 13% subsidy from the program will decrease and the participation of the rural will be affected. Game Theory Game theory is a study of the ways in whichstrategic interactionsamongrational playersproduceoutcomeswith respect to theutilities of those players (Daniel Burgess, 2005). In other words, game theory analyses how agents (players) make decision which sufficient their own utilities instrategic situations (games). It is a mathematic theory which can be applied toin thesocial sciences research. It emphases that each player involved in game will estimate their benefits and acts in order to gain the best outcome individually. If in a situation where it is not possible to increase benefits only by the implementation of one single player, this strategy is called the Nash equilibrium. Players involved in game relation will only seek to benefit oneself, it sometimes leads to a situation of prisoner dilemma. In such situation, people do not cooperate although by so they can make both of them to be better off. The efficiency of a policy depends on the coherence between the Nash equilibrium and po licy makers ideal focal point (Osborne, Martin J. Rubinstein, Ariel, 2003). Every participant involves a policy will make different choices which affect the outcome and efficiency of a policy. As a result, we can use the conclusion by analyzing game models of each participant to improve the efficiency of a policy. Arguments: The home appliances to the countryside program has dual functions. On one hand, it is an economic policy that emphases on maintaining economy growth by boosting domestic consumption. On the other hand, it is a social welfare policy that accents on improving the living standard of rural residents by subsidizing them to purchase electronic home appliances. The government, the electronic home appliances industry and the rural residents can choose their own strategies to participate to the home appliances to countryside program. This study argues the game relations among the players of the home appliances to countryside program will hinder the rural residents to participate to the program. As a result, the expected outcome of the subsidy program will be held back. Theoretical framework: As mentioned before, according to the game theory, the efficiency of a policy depends on the coherence between the Nash equilibrium and policy makers ideal focal point. The gap between the objectives and results of the policy originated from the game relations among the players. Although the government has had a good intention, the results of the program gained at present were not conforming to the original estimation. In this study, a game-theoretic model is used to study the relationships among rural residents, enterprises and governments under the policy that rural residents are encouraged to participate to the subsidy program. The government can choose to optimize the program in order to attract more rural residents to participate and consume. The rural resident can choose to or not to participate in the program by calculating their benefit and loss. As each participant seeks to satisfy its utility, this program can be analyzed as an n-person non-cooperative game. This paper trie s to relocate the roles of governments, and put forward some policy suggestion on promoting the home appliances to the countryside program. Research Methodology In research methodology, I will use data analysis as well as document analysis methods to analyze in which areas the government should improve the home appliances to the countryside program. The Ministry of Commerce and the National Bureau of Statistics have been promulgating data about the subsidy program each month. Moreover, Thought these data, the game relations among the participants in the program (including the government, the industry and rural residents) can be examined. Since the subsidy program is highly concerned by the public. Scholars have been investigated and commented on the program. Their researches can contribute to relevance the game relation among the participants. Bibliography Full text of Chinese Premier Wen Jiabaos speech at 2009 Summer Davos in Dalian. (2009), Embassy of the Peoples Republic of China in the United States of America. Avaliable online: http://www.china-embassy.org/chn/zt/t583718.htm (accessed 4 November 2009) Guanyu quanguo tuiguang jia dian xia xiang gongzuo de tongzhi (Notice from three government departments about the national implementtiona of home appliances to the countryside program) , Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Commerce, and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China. 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